Effect of granule size and the placement geometry on the efficiency of urea supergranules for wetland rice grown on a permeable soil

In a laboratory experiment 5 cm depth of water was allowed to percolate daily down through a 15 cm thick soil (Typic Ustipsamment) layer. It was observed that leaching losses of urea supergranules (USG)-N could be decreased by about 20% by the placement of four 0.25 g granules at four points instead of one 1 g granule at one point. In field microplots, the placement of approximately 30 granules of 0.30 g size instead of 9 granules of 1.00 g size resulted in reduced leaching of USG-N and, in turn, increased rice yield. In a follow-up field study, the advantage of more frequently placed USG was confirmed. As compared with 1 g USG placed in the usual manner in the center of four rice hills, increasing the density of placement in soil produced 15% more rice grain. Further increase in rice yield could be obtained by increasing the number of USG placed in the soil and decreasing the size of the granule from 1.00 g to 0.70 or 0.35 g. With USG of 0.35 and 0.70 g yields were equal or sometimes even slightly higher than with split application of prilled urea on a heavily percolating, low-CEC, light-textured soil.     

Tool path generation framework for accurate manufacture of complex 3D sheet metal parts using single point incremental forming

The prototyping of complex sheet metal parts using single point incremental forming (SPIF) requires the generation of optimal tool paths and/or tool path sequences that ensure that the formed part is within geometric design specifications. The presence of a multitude of features on complex parts leads to multiple inaccuracy inducing phenomena occurring simultaneously due to interactions between the features. This paper proposes a network analysis methodology using topological conceptual graphs to capture the effects of different phenomena on the final accuracy of a sheet metal part manufactured by SPIF. Using this framework optimized tool paths can be generated that compensate for the inaccuracy inducing behavior. Tool path generation algorithms to create partial tool paths that account for the accuracy of specific features in the part based on the proposed framework are also presented. Finally, the creation of integrated tool paths maintaining complementarity between tool paths and desired continuity behavior using non-uniform cubic B-splines is illustrated. A number of case studies demonstrating the applicability of the integrated framework are discussed, where the maximum deviations in the part are significantly reduced and the average absolute deviations for the complete part are brought down to less than 0.5 mm.     

Nitrogen transformations during hydrolysis and nitrification of urea

Nitrogen transformations occurring in ten soils fertilized with urea were determined during incubation in the laboratory for four weeks. Urea was applied at one rate, but with different placement methods. Urea was applied in solution, as prills with a 1 cm grid spacing and as prills with no spacing. Unfertilized soils and soils amended with KNO₃ solution were included as controls.Nitrite accumulated in the majority of soils treated with urea, and the maximum nitrite concentration measured was directly related to initial soil pH. Cumulative gaseous N losses as percentages of applied N were: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O, 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. No gaseous N evolution was detected in control treatments. Gaseous N losses were correlated with soil pH (NH₃) maximum NO ₂ ^- concentration (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) and organic C content (N₂, N₂O). Fertilizer placement effects were generally not significant and were small in comparison with differences between soils.

---

Resumo Foram determinadas, durante incubação em laboratório por quatro semanas, as transformações do nitrogênio ocorridas em dez solos fertilizados com uréia. A uréia foi aplicada a um só nivel, mas com diferentes métodos de aplicação: em solução e em grânulos com 1 cm de espaçamento de grade e em grânulos sem espaçamento. Solos não fertilizados e solos corrigidos com solução de KNO₃ foram incluidos como controles.O nitrito acumulado na maioria dos solos tratados com uréia e a concentração máxima de nitrito medido foram diretamente relacionados ao pH inicial do solo. As perdas cumulativas de N gasoso tomadas em percentagens de N aplicado foram: NH₃, 0-59.6; N₂, 0-4.9; N₂O; 0-9.9; KMnO₄-N, 0-1.3; CH₃ONO, 0-<0.1. Não foi detectada liberação de N gasoso nos tratamentos de controle. As perdas de N gasoso foram relacionadas com o pH do solo (NH₃), concentração máxima de NO ₂ ^- (N₂, N₂O, KMnO₄-N) e teor de C orgânico (N₂, N₂O). Efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante não foram de um modo geral significativos e foram pequenos em comparação com as diferenças entre os solos.

     

基于VPR的FPGA布局算法时延改进

基于模拟退火的现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)布局算法在计算关键度时存在一定的偏差。为此,提出一种FPGA布局时延改进算法。利用不同的模拟退火温度和交换接收率,以及前后2次布局的时延代价差,对FPGA布局的时延代价进行补偿。通过增加时延补偿模块来调整布局的代价函数,达到重新寻找布局过程中被遗弃的较优解的目的。实验结果表明,在MCNC基准电路上使用改进算法,布局的时延代价和线网代价分别比改进前的算法减少19.2%和0.5%。此外,电路的关键路径时延也得到了不同程度的改善,使得布局质量在各个方面都明显优于优化前的通用布局布线算法。     

基于动态有噪网络的增量社团发现算法

在动态社会网络中,诸如垃圾邮件之类的噪声会影响网络的稳定性,导致其社团结构难以被准确发现。针对该问题,提出一种采用增量结构的社团发现算法。利用相对熵处理噪声,通过改进的增量算法发现社团结构。实验结果表明,该算法针对不同动态社会网络的发现性能均优于传统动态社团发现算法,其模块度可达到0.8左右,互信息值变化也较平稳,可有效避免噪声对算法性能的影响。     

一种基于Hadoop的动态树增量更新方法

为适应真实环境中数据量大、流程复杂、计算密集的数据挖掘需求,提高传统树增量更新挖掘效率,改变已有算法的串行执行方式,提出一种基于Hadoop的动态树增量更新方法。介绍云计算、模型与执行流程等基本概念,针对现有Hadoop平台中任务调度的随机分配策略,设计一种动态云平台中的资源调度与分配算法,以期达到成本消耗的最小化,给出树增量更新挖掘算法以及2个并行算法（DeleteFreqTree和FindNewTree）,完成树数据的增量挖掘工作。实验结果表明,该并行算法有效可行,具有高效性与良好的扩展率,能够对海量树数据进行更新挖掘。     

一种基于族相合性的文本增量聚类箅法

传统文本聚类方法只适合处理静态样本,且时间复杂度较高。针对该问题,提出一种基于簇相合性的文本增量聚类算法。采用基于词项语义相似度的文本表示模型,利用词项之间的语义信息,通过计算新增文本与已有簇之间的相合性实现对文本的增量聚类。增量处理完部分文本后,对其中错分可能性较大的文本重新指派类别,以进一步提高聚类性能。该算法可在对象数据不断增长或更新的情况下,避免大量重复计算,提高聚类性能。在20 Newsgroups数据集上进行实验,结果表明,与k-means算法和SHC算法相比,该算法可减少聚类时间,提高聚类性能。     

一种克服sEMG人机交互中肌肉疲劳的SVM算法

在基于表面肌电信号的人机交互系统中,产生的肌肉疲劳降低了系统的稳定性。针对该问题,分析肌肉正常状态和疲劳状态下的肌电信号变化规律,提出一种改进的在线支持向量机增量训练算法。该算法在每次训练SVM(Support Vector Machine)模型时,计算各样本到分类超平面的距离,并以之为条件对不断更新的训练数据进行有条件的选择和遗忘,只留下最大距离1/2以内的数据。通过在线训练不断更新训练样本来获得新的SVM模型,用于适应肌肉疲劳过程中肌电信号的变化,同时防止多次在线训练过程中更新的样本改变训练集间初始边界。最后在智能轮椅上进行验证,实验结果表明:该算法有效减少了肌肉疲劳在人机交互系统中的影响,使得系统能够保持长时间稳定操作。     

基于话题检测的自适应增量K-means算法

根据话题检测任务的定义和特点,本文分析了传统的增量聚类算法和K-means算法的优缺点,提出了基于话题检测的自适应增量K-means算法,设计了话题检测实验,实验结果证明了该算法提高了话题检测性能,具有良好的应用前景。     

Studies on the response of ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Woodard’ rabbiteye blueberries to fertilizers

A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of three fertilizer placement methods and 11 fertilizer formulations on plant survival, economics of replanting, yield, and fruit size of two rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars Tifblue and Woodard. Fertilizer rates were either mixed with the soil under plants (before planting), sidedressed, or half-rate was placed under plants with the other half sidedressed. Fertilizers at planting caused a total of 34% Woodard and 12% Tifblue plants to die as compared to 6% for Woodard and none for Tifblue when no fertilizer was applied. Fertilizer formulas 2-1-1 and 5-10-10 oxide ratios placed under Woodard plants caused 100% mortality whereas Tifblue fertilized with oxide ratios 2-2-2 and 5-10-10 under plants reached the maximum 50% mortality. Splitting fertilizer placement under the side of the plants resulted in less Woodard plant mortality (30%) than placing all the fertilizer under plants (54%). However, plant mortality for the side/under group was not different than sidedressing all fertilizer (23%). A planted hectare in this experiment consisted of 1852 Tifblue and 926 Woodard plants, providing one Woodard plant to pollinate two Tifblue plants. Based on the results obtained, the 5-10-10 fertilizer placed under plants would be expected to cause half the Tifblue (926 plants) and all the Woodard (926 plants) to be replanted. Plant costs alone was estimated to be $2315 with additional replanting costs of $93 for Tifblue and much higher for Woodard. Sidedressing 5-10-10 fertilizer eight weeks after planting would have prevented plant mortality. Placement of various fertilizers under Woodard or Tifblue plants resulted in a significant increase in plant mortality as compared to side placement of fertilizers. Yield loss due to plant mortality increased linearly with the N level of the fertilizers (ranging from 0 to 2) for both cultivars. Woodard fruit size was not affected by fertilizer placement but placing fertilizers under Tifblue plants produced smaller yields with larger fruit than sidedressed plants. Blueberry plants in a virgin acidic soil may experience no reduction in yield if fertilization is completely eliminated.