Introduction to the special issue on personality and psychopathology.

The goal of this Special Issue is to enhance this reintegration of normal-range personality and abnormal psychology, 30 years after they were split apart. The articles in the Issue examine the topic from a variety of approaches, but each of them addresses the central problem of how normal-range individual differences are related to abnormal behavior. Seven of these articles examine personality in relation to specific types of psychopathology: personality disorders, alcoholism and antisocial personality, mood and anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. It is impossible to summarize the wealth of findings that are contained in these articles; each deserves to be examined carefully. However, we can note some general conclusions here. First, it is abundantly clear that personality traits and psychopathological disorders are, in fact, empirically related. Second, although the observed relations tend to be orderly and psychologically meaningful, they also are relatively nonspecific. That is, one does not see a one-to-one correspondence between a given trait and a specific disorder; rather, each of the extensively studied traits is associated with several diagnostic categories. Third, due to a paucity of relevant data, the nature of these observed relations is still largely unclear. Several different explanatory models have been proposed, and each has received at least suggestive support in the literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

AN ALTERNATIVE CONSISTENT PROCEDURE FOR DETECTING HIDDEN FREQUENCIES

Abstract. An alternative procedure is developed to detect the hidden frequencies in linear processes which differs from the procedure proposed earlier by the author. The advantage of the new procedure is that it enables us to detect a hidden frequency in the noise when the spectral density possesses high peaks. In such cases the earlier procedure often fails in practice. We also prove the convergence of a spectral estimate designed to reduce the influence of hidden frequencies.     

On convergence properties of eigenvalues of space discretized wave equations

A theorem along with proof for the convergence of eigenvalues of spatially discretized wave equations is established in this correspondence by extending earlier work of Mahapatra[3].     

Space Mapping: Models, Sensitivities, and Trust-Regions Methods

The goal of this paper is to organize some of the mathematical and algorithmic aspects of the space-mapping technique for continuous optimization with expensive function evaluations. First, we consider the mapping from the fine space to the coarse space when the models are vector-valued functions and when the space-mapping (nonlinear) least-squares residual is nonzero. We show how the sensitivities of the space mapping can be used to deal with space-mapping surrogates of the fine model. We derive a framework where it is possible to design globally convergent trust-region methods to minimize such fine-model surrogates.We consider also a different perspective of space mapping and apply it, for sake of simplicity, to the situation where the models are scalar functions. The space mapping is defined in a way where it is reasonable to assume that it is point-to-point. We prove that the surrogate model built by composition of the space mapping and the coarse model is a regular function. We also discuss trust-region methods in this context.     

从参考模型取状态的离散MRAC系统的简便算法

本文改进了文[1]的离散MRAC系统简便算法,提出的新算法不仅去掉了关于被控对象增益参数b_0的限制条件,而且适用于非最小相位系统,具有简单、易于实现和应用范围广泛等特点。文中采用从参考模型取状态的MRAC技术,因而增强了系统抗噪声能力。并且将文[2,3]的设计方法从相对阶数1≤d≤2且仅适用于最小相位系统的连续情况,推广到相对阶数d≥1的离散情况。仿其结果表明新算法具有良好的控制性能。     

黄河三门峡一花园口“82．8”大暴雨期间水汽输送分析

通过计算１９８２年７月２９日～８月２日黄河中游三门峡一花园口间区域的水汽通量、水汽通量散度和水汽净输送等特征量，分析了这次暴雨过程的水汽源地、水汽输送的物理过程和水汽净输送量与暴雨洪水的关系。结果表明，这次暴雨的水汽主要来自东部洋面上，低空偏东风急流和三花间地区的辐合上升运动共同构成了该地区水汽输送的通道，暴雨区内水汽的缔向福合是形成暴雨水汽福合的主要过程，水汽的经向辐散则是水汽输出的主要原因，而水汽的低层辐合、高层辐散及低层水汽向高层的垂直输送是降雨增强的机制。     

"Collective induction: Social combination and sequential transition": Correction to Laughlin and Futoran.

Reports an error in "Collective induction: Social combination and sequential transition" by Patrick R. Laughlin and Gail C. Futoran (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985[Mar], Vol 48[3], 608-613). One sentence reads incorrectly on page 610. The correct sentence is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1985-20078-001.) 240 undergraduates, as individuals and 4-person cooperative groups, attempted to induce a rule that partitioned a deck of standard playing cards into exemplars and nonexemplars. A trial consisted of (a) individual member hypotheses, (b) group hypothesis (omitted in individual conditions), (c) choice of any of the cards, and (d) feedback on the exemplar or nonexemplar status of the card. Ss were instructed to select cards to confirm or disconfirm the current hypothesis, or received no such instructions. Groups had significantly more correct final hypotheses, plausible final hypotheses, and overall plausible hypotheses than individuals. Performance was better for both individuals and groups under control instructions than either instructions to select cards to confirm or disconfirm hypotheses. Social combination analyses and sequential transition analyses indicated that the groups were remarkably able to recognize and adopt the correct hypothesis if and only if it was proposed by at least 1 group member on some trial. Thus, the superiority of collective induction over individual induction was due to superior hypothesis evaluation by groups rather than to superior hypothesis formation by groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

区域分解地震波场数值模拟算法

区域分解法是一种计算偏微分方程数值解的新方法。该法把研究区域分解为形态规则的小区域，在各子区域内采用最有效的计算方法求解，能充分发挥各种数值模拟方法的优点，提高求解正演问题有效性。     

The achievement motive, goal setting, and probability preferences.

"This study deals with the effect of individual differences in strength of achievement motive on… goal setting… [and] preferences for imaginary bets equated for expected monetary value but differing in probability of winning… . Measures of n Achievement were obtained by content analysis of responses to the French Test of Insight. Persons with high n Achievement scores were assumed to have relatively stronger motives to approach success and those with low n Achievement scores relatively stronger motives to avoid failure… . The results are consistent with the theory concerning motivational determinants of risk taking behavior and constitute evidence of the… effects of individual differences in… achievement motive… in games of chance as well as… skill." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Free and unequal: The biological basis of individual liberty.

Reviews the book "Free and unequal: The biological basis of individual liberty" by Roger J. Williams (see record 1954-01800-000). The authors thesis of this book is that given the undoubted fact of great human variability, what is needed to insure a good social order is individual freedom. "There is no middle ground: distinctiveness, individual worth, and freedom rise or jail together." An eminent chemist, the author has contributed to extend the study of genetics into the significant field of biochemistry. As a teacher and a nutritionist, he is by no means neglectful of the importance of environmental factors in development and well-being. But he insists that nutrition and education should be adjusted to the needs of each individual. The author detects a current trend toward assembly-line methods and away from due recognition of individuality. Overall though, the reviewer notes that the book is not heavy reading, and has been enjoyed by those who have read it thus far. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)