The Problem of Estimating the Uncertainty of the Fixed Point Temperature Due to the Presence of Impurities

The main problems in estimating the uncertainty due to the presence of impurities in the material: the absence in the documents of a unique definition of the quantity being measured – the fixed point temperature, the lack of agreed methods of realizing the fixed points and the insufficient justification of the equations used for the estimate, are analyzed. The results of a measurement of the melting point of gallium are presented, which differ in the conditions in which they were realized – with one and two liquid-solid interfaces and different solidification conditions, are presented. The reasons for the considerable difference between the values of the temperatures obtained in these experiments are discussed.     

铜铟铋硫对Sn-Ag基无铅焊料性能的影响

研究了Cu、In、Bi、S元素对Sn-Ag基无铅焊料熔点和铺展性的影响。结果表明:Sn-Ag-Cu三元合金成分为95.5%Sn3.5%Ag1%Cu时具有较低熔点(215℃)和好的铺展性;加入适量的In可降低Sn-Ag合金的熔点和改善铺展性能;随w(Bi)的增加Sn-Ag-Bi三元合金的熔点降低、铺展性变好;Sn-Ag合金的熔点随w(S)的增加而升高,加入少量S能改善Sn-Ag合金的铺展性。     

工业层析洗梯液回收套用的一种方法

以生产甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐精品的工艺——工业层析产生的洗梯液回收套用的过程为例，说明利用二元恒沸物的组成随压力的变化而变化的规律，对生产洗梯液进行有效、简洁、合理分离及套用的方法。     

基于改进PSO算法的结构损伤检测

结构的损伤检测常转化为求解约束优化问题,针对粒子群算法容易出现早熟问题,增大算法后期的粒子位置的改变量,从而增加粒子位置的差异,因而能够增强其在求解约束优化问题时抵抗局部极小的能力。两层刚架单损伤和多损伤识别的数值结果和收敛曲线表明了改进后的粒子群算法优于传统的带惯性因子的粒子群算法。三层框架结构的4种损伤工况的试验研究进一步说明了该算法应用于结构损伤检测领域的有效性。     

Partitioning multiple objective optimal solutions with applications in radiotherapy design

The optimal partition for linear programming is induced by any strictly complementary solution, and this partition is important because it characterizes the optimal set. However, constructing a strictly complementary solution in the presence of degeneracy was not practical until interior point algorithms became viable alternatives to the simplex algorithm. We develop analogs of the optimal partition for linear programming in the case of multiple objectives and show that these new partitions provide insight into the optimal set (both pareto optimality and lexicographic ordering are considered). Techniques to produce these optimal partitions are provided, and examples from the design of radiotherapy plans show that these new partitions are useful. A. Holder. Research conducted at Trinity University, TX, and The University of Mississippi, MS. This research was partially supported by ONR Grant N00014-01-1-0917.     

Preparation and properties of silicone‐containing poly(methyl methacrylate) gels

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gels with varying amounts of silicone and solvent and constant amounts of crosslinker were prepared by solution free radical crosslinking copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) comonomer systems. They were then studied in benzene at a total monomer concentration of 3.5 mol L^?1 and 70 °C. The conversion of monomer, volume swelling ratio, weight fraction and gel point were measured as a function of the reaction time, silicone concentration and benzene content up to the onset of macrogelation. Structural characteristics of the gels were examined by using equilibrium swelling in benzene, gel fraction and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The morphology of the copolymers was also investigated by SEM. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the FTIR data did not have the capacity to show the presence of the VTES or TEOS moiety in these kinds of copolymers. On the other hand, the variation of weight fraction of gel, W_g, and its equilibrium volume swelling ratio in benzene, q_v, exhibited the same behaviour as that of MMA/EGDM copolymers. Also, the dilution of the monomer mixture resulted in an increase in the gel point and swelling degree and a decrease in the percent of conversion and gel fraction. Finally, TEOS is not an ideal silicone compound for reaction in the MMA/EGDM copolymerization system, whereas VTES is a suitable silicone comonomer for this system and it has been proved useful. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

OLAN光纤微机局域网的总体设计

本文提出了一种适合于特殊环境使用的光纤局域网的拓扑结构——类星型结构。这种结构解决了多通道的同时传输问题。此外,文中还对 OLAN 网的层次划分和各层的协议进行了分析和讨论。     

VARIATIONS IN ALFALFA JUICE SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS AS WATER IS EVAPORATED

Alfalfa juice was extracted from plants during the graving phases of the first and second crops. The alfalfa juice was dried and solute concentrations were measured periodically during the process using freezing point depression (FPD) as an indicator. Solute/solvent weight ratios were calculated from the freezing point depression of fresh unconcentrated 'uice extracted from both firsc and second crops. At the time of harvest, tie FPD was a function of this ratio. The first and second crops behaved distinctively different during the drying process, with the second having a larger soluce concentration and a greater FPD at a given moisture content. The appearance of preci itate during the drying process and the general1 large FPD makes this materiay a questionable product for drying vitg low temperature processes.     

New approaches for error estimation and adaptivity for 2D potential boundary element methods

This work presents two new error estimation approaches for the BEM applied to 2D potential problems. The first approach involves a local error estimator based on a gradient recovery procedure in which the error function is generated from differences between smoothed and non‐smoothed rates of change of boundary variables in the local tangential direction. The second approach involves the external problem formulation and gives both local and global measures of error, depending on a choice of the external evaluation point. These approaches are post‐processing procedures. Both estimators show consistency with mesh refinement and give similar qualitative results. The error estimator using the gradient recovery approach is more general, as this formulation does not rely on an ‘optimal’ choice of an external parameter. This work presents also the use of a local error estimator in an adaptive mesh refinement procedure. This r‐refinement approach is based on the minimization of the standard deviation of the local error estimate. A non‐linear programming procedure using a feasible‐point method is employed using Lagrange multipliers and a set of active constraints. The optimization procedure produces finer meshes close to a singularity and results that are consistent with the problem physics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浸润线形状特性与渗流计算常见错误剖析

分析了浸润线形状特性.通过工程实例,剖析了土石坝渗流计算常见错误,给出了渗流计算有限元法对渗流自由面、逸出点加快收敛的处理方法建议.