High‐performance and robust operation of anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells in mixed‐gas atmosphere

We demonstrate the high‐performance and robust operation of anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells under a mixed‐gas atmosphere applying a novel cell structure and characterization method, useful for minimizing the conventional problems of mixed‐gas operation with anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells. To achieve the exothermic methane (CH₄) partial oxidation and sufficient difference in oxygen partial pressure even in mixed‐gas mode, a composite of metallic rhodium and cerium dioxide (CeO₂) was chosen as the optimized reforming and oxygen barrier layer after the comprehensive catalytic experiment. We also obtained increased cell operation reliability through the combination of anode pre‐reduction, an optimized material system, and a customized characterization jig (including cathode‐ahead layout and impinging jet flow). According to the cell test at 600°C under a feeding gas of CH₄ and O₂, an open‐circuit voltage and maximum power density of 0.916 V and 0.422 W/cm², respectively, were successfully achieved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ribbon-based transfinite surfaces

One major issue in CAGD is to model complex objects using free-form surfaces of general topology. A natural approach is curvenet-based design, where designers directly create and modify feature curves. These are interpolated by smoothly connected, multi-sided patches, which can be represented by transfinite surfaces, defined as a combination of side interpolants or ribbons. A ribbon embeds Hermite data, i.e., prescribed positional and cross-derivative functions along boundary curves.The paper focuses on two transfinite schemes: the first is an enhanced and extended variant of a multi-sided generalization of the classical Coons patch (Várady et al., 2011); the second one is based on a new concept of combining doubly curved composite ribbons, each one interpolating three adjacent sides. Main contributions include various ribbon parameterizations that surpass former methods in quality and computational efficiency. It is proven that these surfaces smoothly interpolate the prescribed ribbon data. Both formulations are based on non-regular convex polygonal domains and distance-based, rational blending functions. A few examples illustrate the results.     

Energy and exergy analyses of five conventional liquefied natural gas processes

In this paper, five conventional LNG processes were investigated by energy and exergy analysis methods. On the basis of the energy analysis, three‐stage process of Linde AG and Stat oil (mixed fluid cascade [MFC]) has less energy consumption than the other ones (0.254 kWh/kg liquefied natural gas). Also, coefficient of performance of the cycles of this process is higher compared with the other ones. Exergy analysis results showed that the maximum exergy efficiency is related to the MFC process (51.82%). However, performance of the MFC process in terms of quality and quantity of energy consumption is considerable. But using three cycles in this process needs more components and consequently more fixed costs. In this study, sensitivity of coefficient of performance, specific energy consumption, and indexes of exergy analysis were also analyzed versus important operating variables for all cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A G space theory and a weakened weak (W2) form for a unified formulation of compatible and incompatible methods: Part II applications to solid mechanics problems

In part I of this paper, we have established the G space theory and fundamentals for W² formulation. Part II focuses on the applications of the G space theory to formulate W² models for solid mechanics problems. We first define a bilinear form, prove some of the important properties, and prove that the W² formulation will be spatially stable, and convergent to exact solutions. We then present examples of some of the possible W² models including the SFEM, NS‐FEM, ES‐FEM, NS‐PIM, ES‐PIM, and CS‐PIM. We show the major properties of these models: (1) they are variationally consistent in a conventional sense, if the solution is sought in a proper H space (compatible cases); (2) They pass the standard patch test when the solution is sought in a proper G space with discontinuous functions (incompatible cases); (3) the stiffness of the discretized model is reduced compared with the finite element method (FEM) model and possibly to the exact model, allowing us to obtain upper bound solutions with respect to both the FEM and the exact solutions and (4) the W² models are less sensitive to the quality of the mesh, and triangular meshes can be used without any accuracy problems. These properties and theories have been confirmed numerically via examples solved using a number of W² models including compatible and incompatible cases. We shall see that the G space theory and the W² forms can formulate a variety of stable and convergent numerical methods with the FEM as one special case. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Minkowski和的一些性质

给出了混合面积A（t）和混合周长L（t）的表达式，并证明了√A（t）和A（t）／L（t）的凹凸性．这一性质建立了混合面积和混合周长与等周不等式之间的联系．     

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical properties of 4.8 V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material in lithium-ion batteries

In this work the synthesis of a nickel doped cubic manganese spinel has been studied for application as cathode material in secondary lithium batteries. Six different experimental approaches have been tested in order to carry out a screening of the various possible synthetic routes. The used synthetic strategies were wet chemistry (WC), solid state (SS), combustion synthesis (CS), cellulose-based sol-gel synthesis (SG-C), ascorbic acid-based sol-gel synthesis (SG-AA) and resorcinol/formaldehyde-based sol-gel synthesis (SG-RF). The goal of our study is to obtain insights about how the synthesis conditions can be modified in order to achieve a material with improved electrochemical performances in such devices, especially in high current operating regimes. The synthesized materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) atomic emission spectroscopy, surface area measurements and tested as high voltage cathodes in Li-ion electrochemical devices.     

A layer-wise MITC9 finite element for the free-vibration analysis of plates with piezo-patches

The present article considers the free-vibration analysis of plate structures with piezoelectric patches by means of a plate finite element with variable through-the-thickness layer-wise kinematic. The refined models used are derived from Carrera’s Unified Formulation (CUF) and they permit the vibration modes along the thickness to be accurately described. The finite-element method is employed and the plate element implemented has nine nodes, and the mixed interpolation of tensorial component (MITC) method is used to contrast the membrane and shear locking phenomenon. The related governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacement, extended to the analysis of electromechanical problems. An isotropic plate with piezoelectric patches is analyzed, with clamped-free boundary conditions and subjected to open- and short-circuit configurations. The results, obtained with different theories, are compared with the higher-order type solutions given in the literature. The conclusion is reached that the plate element based on the CUF is more suitable and efficient compared to the classical models in the study of multilayered structures embedding piezo-patches.     

北京市产业部门用水效率研究

以严重用水紧缺的特大型城市北京为例,基于直接计算法和投入产出分析,建立了价值型—实物型混合性水资源投入产出模型和行业用水效率贡献模型,测算了2010—2015年期间各行业用水效率及效率变动和产业结构变动对总用水效率提高的贡献情况。研究结果表明:(1)第一、二产业的直接用水效率有较大的提高,第三产业的直接用水效率下降,细分的40个行业中有15个行业的用水效率在下降(占37.5%);(2)三次产业的完全用水效率都有所提高,40个行业中17个行业的完全用水效率在下降;(3)三次产业结构变动贡献大于用水效率提高的贡献,23个工业行业的用水效率提高的贡献大于结构变动贡献;(4)第三产业中住宿和餐饮业、房地产业、教育、卫生和社会工作4个行业用水效率是第三产业中细分的13个行业中最低的,2010年和2015年的用水量占第三产业用水总量的比重分别是58.48%和59.22%,万元增加值之和占第三产业万元增加值的比重是19.9%和18.84%。分析得出政策建议:(1)在明确城市功能定位、不断优化产业结构的基础上,继续提高农业用水效率,降低农业用水总量;(2)提高工业用水重复利用率,降低工业用水总量;(3)加大服务业用水监管和增强节水意识,降低服务业用水总量增长速度,提升重点控水行业的用水效率。本研究进一步揭示了节水潜力行业,为实施最严格水资源管理、提高水资源利用效率提供决策依据。     

Estimation Method for Exchange Capacity of Mixed Bed Using Monitoring Minicolumns

The methods of estimation of the exchange capacity of mixed bed demineralizer used in nuclear power plants were studied for the purpose of protection against contamination of condensed water with leaked sea water flowing as a coolant in the heat exchanger. It was identified by numerical calculations and experimental works that the performance of mixed bed could be represented by the model for a system of single sort of ion exchange resin and single solute.

The intraparticle diffusivities and ion exchange equilibrium constants for the monitoring minicolumns can be obtained experimentally with the breakthrough curves for different packed height and the equilibrium constant for lm packed height can be known by extrapolation. The constants for 1 m packed height are substituted to the theoretical approximate formula which has been already recognized as a solution for the transient behavior of the adsorption system of a single solute, then the breakthrough time for actually working column of 1 m packed height can be calculated. For the rough estimation of degree of degradation for the deteriorated resin, a simple prediction method was presented in which the relations between the initial concentrations of the effluent from the minicolumns and the packed heights were applied.