Associate Editor’s introduction to centennial articles on classroom learning and motivation.

As part of the centennial celebration of the American Psychological Association, this issue includes an invited article by Ames (1992) that focuses on classroom motivational research and a reply by Blumenfeld (1992) that suggests directions in which more research is needed. Also included is a reprint of an original article by Symonds and Chase (1929/1992) that compared the importance of motivation with practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Faking and selection: Considering the use of personality from select-in and select-out perspectives.

The effects of faking on criterion-related validity and the quality of selection decisions are examined in the present study by combining the control of an experiment with the realism of an applicant setting. Participants completed an achievement motivation measure in either a control group or an incentive group and then completed a performance task. With respect to validity, greater prediction error was found in the incentive condition among those with scores at the high end of the predictor distribution. When selection ratios were small, those in the incentive condition were more likely to be selected and had lower mean performance than those in the control group. Implications for using personality assessments from select-in and select-out strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

林纸一体化战略机理与动因分析

企业进行一体化行为是经济动机和政策动机、合理动机和投机动机相混合的产物。在林纸一体化中,减少和消除这些不合理及投机的一体化动机是进行真正意义上林纸一体化的前提,也是提高林纸一体化绩效的基础。通过对林纸一体化战略的机理和动因分析,希望能够因此促进企业产权制度、企业治理结构、市场制度等方面的深入研究。     

Don't worry, be happy? Neuroticism, trait-consistent affect regulation, and performance.

People regulate their affect either to feel good or to achieve instrumental success. The present experiments show that when driven by performance goals, people can be motivated to experience unpleasant affect when it is trait-consistent, because of its instrumental benefits (e.g., M. Tamir & M. D. Robinson, 2004). In 4 studies, individuals high in neuroticism were more likely than those low in neuroticism to choose to increase their level of worry, as indicated by self-reported preferences (Study 1) and by behavioral choices in experimental settings (Studies 2-4). As predicted, such preferences were evident when expecting to perform demanding tasks but not when expecting an undemanding task (Study 2). Study 4 suggests that such preferences for short-term unpleasant affect may be beneficial to performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attentional bias toward safety predicts safety behaviors

Safety studies have primarily focused on how explicit processes and measures affect safety behavior and subsequent accidents and injuries. Recently, safety researchers have paid greater attention to the role of implicit processes. Our research focuses on the role of attentional bias toward safety (ABS) in workplace safety. ABS is a basic, early-stage cognitive process involving the automatic and selective allocation of attentional resources toward safety cues, which reflect the implicit motivational state of employees regarding safety goal. In this study, we used two reaction time-based paradigms to measure the ABS of employees in three studies: two modified Stroop tasks (Studies 1 and 2) and a visual dot-probe task (Study 3). Results revealed that employees with better safety behavior showed significant ABS (Study 2), and greater ABS than employees with poorer safety behavior (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, ABS was positively associated with the perceived safety climate and safety motivation of employees, both of which mediate the effect of ABS on safety behavior (Study 3). These results contributed to a deeper understanding of how early-stage automatic perceptual processing affects safety behavior. The practical implications of these results were also discussed.     

混合功能人居的概念、机制与启示——"浙江现象"下的产住共同体解析

西方混合用途发展(MXD)理论与实践的比较,阐述中国自下而上城镇化背景的混合聚居现状与特征。以生产和生活共同体为核心,解释浙江现象下产业与人居叠合发展的地域动因。在单体和组团两个维度上,分析和评价产住共同体社区的自组织范式原型,进而通过混质维度与空间级差的建构,提出产住共同体模式的发展途径。     

情感驱动的自私MANETs节点协商机制

在移动Ad hoc网络(MANETs)中,具有不同工作环境和目标的自私节点追求最大化自身利益,因此需要一种有效的激励手段促进彼此间的协作和资源共享。情感作为影响节点认知和行为决策的重要因素,能够帮助节点在资源有限、不可预知的场景中增强适应性和自治性。该文提出一种情感驱动的自私MANETs节点协商机制(Emotion-driven Negotiation of Selfish Nodes in the MANETs,ENSNM),将情感因素定义为自私MANETs节点内在的能力和属性。协商初始阶段,成就动机的强烈程度支配节点发起或参与一次协商,同时影响初始价的设定。另外,在每轮协商开始前遵循韦伯-费希纳定律对协商最后期限进行修正。仿真实验表明ENSNM机制能够提高MANETs网络的协商效率,并减少网络流量和通信能耗。     

Perceptual recognition as a function of anxiety, motivation, and the testing situation.

The hypothesis was made that degree of anxiety and motivation would influence S's performance on tasks measuring skill in discovering objects embedded in a stimulus field, particularly as the situation was structured to be stressful or not. Ss low in anxiety and high in motivation performed significantly better than Ss high in anxiety but with low motivation. In the nonstressful situation, Ss low in anxiety and motivation performed significantly poorer than their counterparts. It is recommended, therefore, that situational task variables be considered as crucial factors in analysing behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes of schizophrenics and normals toward success and failure.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that schizophrenics, as compared with normals, are relatively more highly motivated to avoid failure than to achieve success. A total of 291 Ss, including 136 hospitalized male schizophrenics, 103 normals, and--as a contrast group--52 neurotics, were administered the Success-Failure Inventory (SFI), a 22-item True-False instrument designed to assess attitudes toward success attainment and failure avoidance. As predicted, the schizophrenic samples manifested greater relative failure avoidance than the normals. Further, active schizophrenics evidenced greater relative failure avoidance than did remitted schizophrenics. Remitted schizophrenics and neurotics were not significantly different. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

普通高校非英语专业新生自主学习能力分析

通过对非英语专业部分学生的调查,发现普通高校非英语专业学生英语自主学习能力普遍较低。受动机因素的影响,学习者的态度及表现出的自主性会发生变化,有必要通过各种方式,尤其是增强学习者动机来提高其自主学习能力。