Diffusion of ammonia and ammonium ions in sulphonic acid cation exchangers (gel Purolite SGC 100 × 10 MBH and macroporous Purolite C 160 MBH) from the solutions, representing the composition of “caustic condensate” (waste of nitrogen fertilizers production) is affected by pH of initial solution and structure of the matrix of cation exchanger. In gel matrix the effective intraparticle diffusivity (Def) depends greatly on the solution pH because of shrinkage in alkaline and swelling in acidic medium: on decreasing the initial concentration of ammonia from 0.214 to 0.003 and increasing that of ammonium nitrate from 0 to 0.214 mol l−1 instead, the effect of ion exchange leads to a decrease in pH, resulting in swelling and increase in Def from 0.1 to 0.34 × 10−10 for gel Purolite SGC 100 × 10 MBH and variation of 0.18–0.11 × 10−10 m2 s−1 for macroporous Purolite C 160 MBH (resistant to shrinkage and swelling).
In Purolite C 160 MBH both macropore diffusivity (0.07–0.29 × 10−10 m2 s−1) and gel (solid phase) diffusivity (0.06–0.19 × 10−10 m2 s−1) are higher than micropore diffusivity (0.28–0.56 × 10−18 m2 s−1).
With respect to the effective intraparticle diffusivity, resistance to nitric acid, used for the regeneration, and high concentration of ammonium nitrate in eluate (up to 110 g l−1), Purolite C 160 MBH has been installed for the conversion of ammonia and ammonium ions to ammonium nitrate reusable in the fertilizers production. This allows minimizing the economic loss and preventing the environmental contamination. 相似文献
The disposal and re-use of spent bleaching clay from the vegetable oil processing industry is a problem of growing importance.
Although today the only practical way of removal of the spent material is disposal, extraction with organic solvents is a
well-known method of de-oiling contaminated bleaching clay. In our investigations we compare the extractibility of two different
types of bleaching clays with CO2 as a solvent. All experiments were carried out with a high-pressure extraction plant. The extraction and separation conditions,
temperature and pressure, as well as the CO2 mass flow, were varied during experiments. The aim of our investigations was a complete separation of the oil from the adsorbent.
The latter should then be re-used as bleaching clay. The oil and the bleaching clay were analyzed and tested, respectively.
The results show that oil of good quality can be recovered and the bleaching clay still has an activity approximately 50%
of fresh clay. 相似文献
In this paper we evaluate two alternative CCS technologies at a coal-fired power plant from an investor's point of view. The first technology uses CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) paired with storage in deep saline formations (DSF) and the second merely stores CO2 in DSF. The paper updates and improves on an earlier publication by Tzimas et al. (2005). For projects of this type there are many sources of risk, three of which stand out: the price of electricity, the price of oil and the price of carbon allowances. In this paper we develop a general stochastic model that can be adapted to other projects such as enhanced gas recovery (EGR) or industrial plants that use CO2 for either EOR or EGR with CCS. The model is calibrated with UK data and applied to help understand the conditions that generate the incentives needed for early investments in these technologies. Additionally, we analyse the risks of these investments. Investments with EOR and secondary DSF storage can only be profitable (NPV > 0) when there is a high long-term equilibrium price for oil of more than $56.38/barrel. When the investment decision can be made at any time, i.e. there is an option value, then the trigger value for optimal investment is significantly higher. 相似文献
The feasibility of the removal of Ag+ ions in a model solution and a sample of rinse water provided from an industrial plating plantwas investigated in a batch electrodialysis system. The experiments were carried out using two different types of ion-exchange membranes. The effects of applied potential, pH value and initial silver concentration on the duration of electrodialysis and energy consumption were examined. Full removal of Ag+ ions was achieved from model solutions and the sample of rinse water. The most convenient applied voltage and energy consumption values to remove silver ions are reported. These results will be useful for designing and operating different capacities of electrodialysis plants for recovering Ag+ ions. 相似文献
A model permits analysis of the influence of temperature on permeate recovery and energy consumption. The proposed model is based on the following assumptions: (1) membrane morphology is temperature-independent; (2) membrane rejection and other transport characteristics of membranes are position-independent; (3) specific water permeability of membranes was based on exponential dependence of viscosity vs. temperature; (4) temperature-dependence depembrane rejection is assumed to be linear. This allows for analyzing the influence of channel geometry, feed concentration, flow rate and temperature on permeate recovery and energy consumption. Calculated data are included. The solutionpresented can be segmented andbuilt into systems for comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of the RO-based process where temperature-dependence of process characteristics has to be considered. 相似文献