治理视角下跨省流域生态补偿协商机制构建——以新安江流域为例

跨省(自治区、直辖市)流域生态补偿,由于涉及不同的省级行政区和复杂的利益关系协调,无论是开展实际试点还是理论探讨,都具有重要的意义。以财政部与环保部牵头、跨越皖浙两省的全国首个跨省的新安江流域生态补偿机制试点为例,介绍了跨省流域生态补偿的制度与规则设计、各治理主体的协商沟通平台搭建、补偿标准、运作模式,分析了新安江流域生态补偿实施过程中存在的问题。研究认为:新安江流域生态补偿模式取得了一定的效益,但仍然需从流域资源产权、组织体制、法律法规和公众参与等方面对现有的合作模式进行系统化的完善。     

Resolving crises through automated bilateral negotiations

We describe the development of an automated agent that can negotiate efficiently with people in crises. The environment is characterized by two negotiators, time constraints, deadlines, full information, and the possibility of opting out. The agent can play either role, with communications via a pre-defined language. The model used in constructing the agent is based on a formal analysis of the crises scenario using game-theoretic methods and heuristics for bargaining. The agent receives messages sent by its opponent, analyzes them and responds. It also initiates discussion on one or more parameters of an agreement. Experimental results of simulations of a fishing dispute between Canada and Spain indicate that the agent played at least as well as, and in the case of Spain, significantly better than a human player.     

A non‐repudiable negotiation protocol for security service level agreements

Security service level agreements (SSLAs) provide a systematic way for end users at home or in the office to guarantee sufficient security level when doing business or exchanging sensitive personal or organizational data with an online service. In this paper, we propose an SSLA negotiation protocol that implements non‐repudiation with cryptographic identities and digital signatures and includes features that make it resistant to denial of service attacks. The basic version of the protocol does not rely on the use of a trusted third party, and it can be used for all kinds of simple negotiations. For the negotiation about SSLAs, the protocol provides an option to use an external knowledge base that may help the user in the selection of suitable security measures. We have implemented a prototype of the system, which uses JSON Web Signature for the message exchange and made some performance tests with it. The results show that the computational effort required by the cryptographic operations of the negotiation protocol remains at a reasonable level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

路段环境自动驾驶汽车通行权决策方法

为了解决路段自动驾驶汽车的通行权决策问题,提高交通流的运行效率和稳定性,基于可接受间隙模型和谈判理论构建路段自动驾驶汽车通行权决策模型. 综合考虑多种因素,基于可接受间隙模型对行人风险进行建模,将行人风险划分为低风险、中风险和高风险. 综合考虑风险、性格（激进和保守）和等待时间等对行人行为的影响,分析不同因素组合下行人和自动驾驶汽车可能采取的行为策略,基于该行为策略,利用谈判理论对自动驾驶汽车的通行权决策过程进行建模. 利用Python联合SUMO开源交通仿真软件对模型进行验证,仿真持续10 h. 3个模型的（保守模型、Gupta模型和本文模型）仿真结果表明,当行人产生频率为15 s时,自动驾驶汽车的平均行驶时间分别为661.5、399.5和327.6 s,平均延误时间分别为618 s、336 s和260.7 s,总流量分别为6 699辆、10 583辆和11 568辆. 当行人产生频率为30 s时,自动驾驶汽车的平均行驶时间分别为643.5、311.7和81.9 s,平均延误时间分别为599.9、244.4和6.5 s,总流量分别为6 879辆、11 741辆和11 971辆. 通行权决策方法的加入有助于降低自动驾驶汽车的行驶时间和延误,提升流量.     

Towards Autonomous and Automatic Evaluation and Negotiation in Agent-Mediated Internet Marketplaces

In an agent-mediated B2C Internet marketplace, agents, mobile or stationary, can act on behalf of customers to complete tasks involved in buying and selling products. In this paper, we first present a fuzzy-set based two-phase evaluation model allowing mobile agents to evaluate and filter online e-shops, and evaluate offers autonomously and automatically at the request from a consumer. The fuzzy evaluation criterion takes into account not only the attributes of offers, but also the reputation of corresponding e-shops. }Meanwhile, the two-phase operations can help reduce the scale of mobile agents dispatched to e-shops and thus reduce the network workload. Based on the same fuzzy evaluation criterion, an auction-like negotiation model is presented, where the consumer agent can autonomously determine the initial offer and negotiate with multiple shops simultaneously. The final best offer is determined not only by the attributes of the offers, but also the attributes of the e-shops as well as the preference the consumer specified. Finally, our models presented in this paper have been implemented in a prototype system where we conducted some experiments to evaluate their performance.     

Collaboration and underlying issues or the surprises of cooperative dialogues

The observation of cooperative dialogues between production and maintenance workers of a dairy has revealed that socio-organisational factors had strong effects on cooperation. In order to better understand the nature of these factors, the sociological literature on autonomy, rule generation, negotiation and conflict is reviewed. A methodology based on inferential pragmatics is developed in order to analyze what takes place socially in operational exchanges and makes it possible to identify rules for cooperative functioning that are specific to this work situation, and that relate to the defence of the territory of each individual. The conclusion stresses that cooperative dialogues are also the place where social stakes are adjusted and discusses potential applications of the proposed framework to the design of cooperative systems.     

Agent协商优化问题的快速混沌遗传算法

随着Internet的日益完善和电子商务的普及，如何快速、高效地进行Agent协商是我们必须面对和解决的一个重要问题。文章在Bazaar协商模型下，给出了一种快速混沌遗传算法，该算法首先将混沌机制引入遗传算法，并在搜索中，以具有一定保证的当前最优解为中心不断压缩优化变量的搜索区间，对算法进行加速。这样即克服了遗传算法过早收敛的缺点，又解决了引入混沌后遗传算法收敛慢的问题。仿真实验表明，它是解决Agent协商优化问题的一种快速有效算法。     

Expressing anger in conflict: When it helps and when it hurts.

Do expressions of anger in conflict elicit competition or cooperation? To reconcile inconsistent results obtained in previous research, the authors developed and tested a dual-process model that proposes that power and the appropriateness of the expressions of anger jointly determine whether an individual facing an angry antagonist competes by demanding value or cooperates by conceding value. In a scenario study and a computer-mediated negotiation simulation, (a) participants with lower power claimed less value from an angry adversary than from a nonemotional one, regardless of the appropriateness of the expressions of anger, and (b) participants with higher power demanded more value when the adversary's expressions of anger were inappropriate than when they were appropriate or when the adversary was nonemotional. The theoretical and practical implications of the model and findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

合同谈判是实现工程建设总目标的重要环节

大型工程一般技术复杂,影响因素多,时间跨度大.合同签订的好坏直接影响合同能否顺利执行,好的合同可有效减少合同双方的矛盾,避免风险,带来可观的经济效益,有效地控制投资.否则,会给项目带来无穷的隐患,甚至灾难.如何签订好一份合同,关键在于做好合同签订之前的各项准备工作.这些准备工作包括:合同文件草案的准备、各项招标工作的准备、评标工作、特别是要做好合同签订前的谈判工作.