Bridging the generation gap between text planning and linguistic realization

Text planning is traditionally done as a separate process, independent of linguistic realization. However, I show in this paper that it is essential for a text planner to know the linguistic consequences of its actions. The choice of how to realize an element affects how much information is conveyed (e.g., “Floyd arrived safely in Boston” vs. “Floyd landed safely at Logan”) and what other information can be added (e.g., “Peter was deciding for an hour” vs. *“Peter made a decision for an hour”). The choice of realization also affects how the relative salience of the elements being expressed will be perceived (e.g., “The green car is in the garage” vs. “The car in the garage is green”). I have defined an intermediate level of representation for text planning, called the Text Structure. It is an abstract linguistic level that reflects germane linguistic constraints while abstracting away from syntactic detail. This representation allows the text planner to have greater control over the decisions, so that it can take advantage of the expressiveness of language to convey subtleties of meaning. More importantly, the Text Structure allows the generation process overall to be incremental, since it ensures that the text plan being composed will always be expressible in the language. La planification de textes est habituellement réalisée séparément, sans tenir compte de la réalisation linguistique. Cependant, ľauteur demontre dans cet article qu'il est essentiel à un planificateur de textes de connai̊tre les conséquences linguistiques de ses actions. Le choix de la méhode de réalisation ?un élément influe sur la quantité?informations qui est transmise (par ex.: 〈〈 Floyd est arrivé sain et sauf à Boston 〉〉 et 〈〈 Floyd a atterri sain et sauf àľaéroport Logan 〉〉) et sur quelle autre information peut ětre ajoutée. Le choix de la méthode de réalisation influe également sur la façon dont les caractères saillants des ééments qui sont exprimés seront perçus (par ex.: 〈〈 la voiture verte est dans le garage 〉〉 et 〈〈 la voiture dans le garage est verte 〉〉). L'auteur a défini un niveau intérmediaire de représentation pour la planification de textes qu'il a appelé structure de texte. Il; s'agit ?'un niveau linguistique abstrait qui refléte les contraintes linguistiques appropriées tout en s'éloignant du détail syntaxique. Cette représentation permet au planificateur de textes ?avoir un meilleur contrǒle des décisions, et done de tirer profit de la force ?expression du langage afin de tenir compte des subtiliés de sens. Plus important encore, la structure de texte permet au processus de génération ?ětre incrémentiel, car elle s'assure que le plan de texte en voie de composition soit toujours exprimable dans le langage.     

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求文针对我国天然气凝液如何利用问题,结合新技术进展,进行了初步探讨,认为原料较多的场合,应以催化脱氢或芳构化作为当前的主要加工方向。对原料较少的场合,也提出一些看法。     

T-stress in orthotropic functionally graded materials: Lekhnitskii and Stroh formalisms

A new interaction integral formulation is developed for evaluating the elastic T-stress for mixed-mode crack problems with arbitrarily oriented straight or curved cracks in orthotropic nonhomogeneous materials. The development includes both the Lekhnitskii and Stroh formalisms. The former is physical and relatively simple, and the latter is mathematically elegant. The gradation of orthotropic material properties is integrated into the element stiffness matrix using a “generalized isoparametric formulation” and (special) graded elements. The specific types of material gradation considered include exponential and hyperbolic-tangent functions, but micromechanics models can also be considered within the scope of the present formulation. This paper investigates several fracture problems to validate the proposed method and also provides numerical solutions, which can be used as benchmark results (e.g. investigation of fracture specimens). The accuracy of results is verified by comparison with analytical solutions.     

Dynamic responses and damages of water-filled pre-pressurized metal tube impacted by mass

An account is given of some principal observations made from a series of experiments in which three-span pipe beams were subjected to central impact by indenters with different nose shapes. These pipes were filled and pre-pressurized with water in order to identify the main effects produced by the fluid–structure interaction. In comparison, the impact experiments of the pipes with no water were also carried out. The perforation failure modes and corresponding critical impact energies were obtained in different test conditions. The experimental results indicated that the critical perforation energy and the deformation of the wall of the pipe were significantly influenced by the presence of the water and the pressure.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON SORET-EFFECT AND DUFOUR-EFFECT FOR DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE NATURAL CONVECTION IN POROUS ENCLOSURE

The influences of Soret effect and Dufour effect on the natural convection and heat and mass transfer for a porous enclosure were investigated by means of the penalty finite element method. Numerical results indicate that the Soret and Dufour effects have significant influences on heat and mass transfer in the presence of large temperature gradient and concentration gradient.     

英台地区天然水驱油藏的开发特点及稳产技术

掌握边底水运动规律，控制并利用活跃的边底水能量，是成功开发天然水驱油藏的关键。英台地区的英台、四方坨子和一棵树等三个油田均为天然水驱油藏，天然能量充足。油藏投入开发后初期含水较高，含水上升极快，造成产油量大幅度递减。针对其开发特点，适时采用大泵、电潜泵提液强采，通过大量补孔层间接替以及加密调整和扩边等稳产技术措施，确保了油藏以3％-5％的采油速度长期稳产，水驱采收率高达50％以上。     

一种基于像素自适应仲裁的OSD分层混合结构设计

数据混合是OSD分层显示的关键技术之一.本文基于OSD的分层结构及数据组织结构特点,提出一种OSD分层显示的单混合结构,该结构采用基于像素自适应仲裁的策略,按照层优先级次序,对多个OSD图层信号实时地切换显示.FPGA验证结果表明,该结构在满足OSD分层混合显示、实现菜单选择鼠标控制等高级人机对话功能的前提下,其硬件资源开销比多混合结构节省约33%以上,且具有良好的层次可扩展性和操作灵活性.     

A comparative study of short nylon fiber—Natural rubber composites prepared from dry rubber and latex masterbatch

A novel method for the preparation of short nylon fiber–natural rubber composites was developed in which short fibers chopped to approximately 6 mm were incorporated in the latex stage and processed into sheet form. By this method, mixing cycle time was reduced without compromising the fiber dispersion. Fiber breakage during mixing was reduced. The new composites when compounded with a dry bonding system based on hexamethylenetetramine, resorcinol and hydrated silica (HRH) showed improved modulus, tensile strength and abrasion resistance compared to conventional composites. Tear strength, resilience, and compression set were similar to the conventional composites. SEM analysis indicated better interaction between matrix and fibers in the case of latex master batch. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Studies on jute–asphalt composites

The tensile properties of jute make it a suitable raw material for asphalt overlay (A/O) fabric. In this study, the thermal stability of jute under conditions of asphalt overlaying process was investigated and the compatibility of jute with asphalt was assessed through experimentation on jute–asphalt composites under mechanical and hygral loads. Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopic study revealed probable chemical bonding between jute and asphalt. The test for ascertaining the capability of asphalt encasement for protecting jute against biodegradation under enzymatic attack was found positive. A 6‐month hygral treatment, of the jute–asphalt composite, showed significant increase in modulus of the material. The results indicate that although the strength of jute deteriorates by about 10% under asphalt overlaying condition, the overall tensile behavior of jute fabric–asphalt composite material is considerably superior to that of the pure jute fabric, even under biological and extended hygral loading conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Gender moderates the relationship between testosterone and marital interaction.

Higher testosterone levels are related to assertiveness and dominance. Given the relevance of those behavioral correlates to spouses' daily transactions, links between testosterone levels and marital interaction were explored among 92 newlywed couples. Marital problem-solving and social support transactions were assessed, and saliva was collected and assayed for testosterone. Whether marital behavior was related to husbands' and wives' testosterone levels was examined. The link between spouses' testosterone and their behavior was contingent on the partner's testosterone levels. Husbands exhibited more adaptive problem-solving behaviors and social support provision when husbands and wives were concordant for lower testosterone levels. In contrast, wives exhibited more adaptive support provision when spouses had discordant testosterone levels such that wives had higher levels and husbands had lower levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)