近十年我国女性成人教育研究述评

女性接受成人教育的情况受社会化程度与女性生活方式的双重制约,给予女性平等的教育机会既是利益制衡也是对其能力发展的尊重。近十年中女性成人教育研究文献总量相对较少且占比低,研究层次与整体水平有待提高。呈现的特征为多元化的研究视角、研究方法跨学科化且研究领域较为广泛,但总体来说研究成果理论深度不足、研究队伍缺乏高水平研究者的参与、研究内容空泛化现象较重,需要多方共同努力加大对女性成人教育研究的力度。     

大坝泄水对鱼类洄游能力的影响研究

大坝的建设将天然河道分隔成上、下两个环境单元,改变了河道的流量、流速和水位等水文要素,使原有的水力条件及生态环境都发生了变化,对鱼类的洄游、繁殖和生长等都产生较大影响。以江河湖泊常见鱼种—成年鲤为研究对象,以0.02 m~3/s为基础流量,按照0.01 m~3/s的流量递增进行大坝泄水模拟实验;采用声学信号监测技术监测成年鲤在不同泄水量下的洄游能力及游泳轨迹,分析不同泄水量的河道流场并与鱼类游泳轨迹进行拟合,研究不同流速对鱼类洄游能力的影响。结果表明:成年鲤的洄游距离、游泳速度随着河道流速增大而逐渐减小,成年鲤洄游开始出现困难、开始出现逆流后退以及无法洄游时河道流速分别为0.42,0.48 m/s和0.62 m/s;泄水量每增加一个0.01 m~3/s流量梯度,成年鲤洄游距离约减少1.5 m,说明随着河道流速增大鱼类洄游轨迹变化是一个逐渐收敛的过程。大坝泄水过程同时还会造成氮气和氧气过饱和、改变水体温度和浊度从而对鱼类生存环境、繁殖及鱼类资源造成影响。     

The relative risk of nearside accidents is high for the youngest and oldest pedestrians

Police road accident data from Great Britain for 1990–2009 were analysed. RR_NF is the risk of a casualty occurring in the first half of road crossing, the half nearest to the pedestrian‘s starting position at the roadside, compared to the risk of it occurring in the second half. Children and younger adult pedestrians had a high relative risk of being killed or seriously injured in the nearside of the road (RR_NF). RR_NF decreased with age, for men and women, but rose again for people aged over 85 years. It was also substantially lower for children under 10 years old. Three possible explanations for lifespan changes in RR_NF were evaluated: that change results from slower walking speeds, from a specific failure to attend to the far side before beginning to cross, or from generalised attention control failure. Young people‘s higher RR_NF is consistent with evidence that they are prone to generalised attention control failures.     

Does power posing affect gerontechnology adoption among older adults?

Recognising the rise of an aging population and independent living among older adults, many governments and organisations have developed and promoted new technologies in the form of gerontechnologies to support the needs and enhance the well-being of older adults. However, the adoption of products using such technology remains modest among the aging population. This study introduces the notion of power in the form of power posing and examines its impact on new technology adoption, particularly gerontechnology, among older adults. Using an experimental approach on a sample of older adults exposed to an in-house near-field communication-enabled light system, the study finds that high-power poses have a greater and more positive impact on older adults’ perceived ease of use of, perceived usefulness of, and intentions to use gerontechnology than low-power poses. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.     

Characterizing executive functioning in older special populations: From cognitively elite to cognitively impaired.

The authors examined the structure and invariance of executive functions (EF) across (a) a continuum of cognitive status in 3 groups of older adults (cognitively elite [CE], cognitively normal [CN], and cognitively impaired [CI]) and (b) a 3-year longitudinal interval. Using latent variable analyses (LISREL 8.80), the authors tested 3-factor models (“Inhibition”: Hayling [Burgess & Shallice, 1997], Stroop [Regard, 1981]; “Shifting”: Brixton [Burgess & Shallice, 1997], Color Trails [D’Elia et al., 1996]; and “Updating”: Reading and Computational Span [Salthouse & Babcock, 1991]) and 1-factor models within each group. Participants (initial N = 570; 53–90 years) were from the Victoria Longitudinal Study (Sample 3, Waves 1 and 2). Cross-sectionally, the authors observed a 3-factor EF structure especially for the CE group and 1-factor solutions for all 3 groups. Longitudinally, temporal invariance was supported for the 3-factor model (CE and CN groups) and the 1-factor model (CI and CN groups). Subgroups with higher cognitive status and greater 3-year stability performed better on EF factors than corresponding groups with lower cognitive status and less stability. Studies of EF structure, performance, dedifferentiation, and dysfunction will benefit from considering initial cognitive status and longitudinal stability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral adaptation of young and older drivers to an intersection crossing advisory system

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) provided information about the right of way regulation and safety to cross an upcoming intersection. Effects were studied in a longer-term study involving 18 healthy older drivers between the ages of 65 and 82 years and 18 healthy young drivers between the ages of 20 and 25 years. Participants repeatedly drove 25 km city routes in eight sessions on separate days over a period of two months in a driving simulator. In each age group, participants were randomly assigned to the control (no ADAS) and treatment (ADAS) group. The control group completed the whole experiment without the ADAS. The treatment group drove two sessions without (sessions 1 and 7) and six times with ADAS. Results indicate effects of ADAS on driving safety for young and older drivers, as intersection time and percentage of stops decreased, speed and critical intersection crossings increased, the number of crashes was lower for treatment groups than for control groups. The implications of results are discussed in terms of behavioral adaptation and safety.     

新一代多模型迭代算法在70 kVp成人副鼻窦CT扫描中的应用

探讨成人在70 kVp副鼻窦CT检查中降低有效辐射剂量的同时,获取最佳图像质量的新一代多模型迭代算法(Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction-V,Asir-V)的权重。本研究对20例成人患者进行副鼻窦Revolution CT检查,采用70 kVp、230 mA条件下进行螺旋CT扫描,扫描完成后对每例患者的原始数据采用不同权重(0,20%,40%,60%,80%,100%)的后置新一代多模型迭代算法(Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction-V,Asir-V)重建的方法,共获得120幅图像,并对每例6组图像进行客观评价及主观评分。客观评价包括噪声(standard deviations, SD)和对比噪声比(contrast noise ratio,CNR),主观评价由2名评价医生对图像质量评分并对两者的主观一致性进行评价。每例患者扫描完成后,记录其剂量长度乘积(dose-length product,DLP)和CT容积剂量指数(CT dose index volume,CTDI_vol),并计算其平均有效辐射剂量(effective dose,ED)。客观评价结果表明不同权重的Asir-V图像噪声随着Asir-V权重的提升而降低,CNR值随着Asir-V权重的提升而升高,且有效辐射剂量ED较常规头颈部CT检查的平均辐射剂量明显减少;主观评价结果表明不同权重的Asir-V图像评分不同,在Asir-V 60% 时评分最高,且2名医生主观评价一致性好。结合主客观评价结果,认为在70 kVp、230 mA成人副鼻窦Revolution CT检查中,Asir-V 60％的图像既可满足临床诊断的需要,也可明显降低有效辐射剂量。