Calculating the Reaction Order and Activation Energy for the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Fructose

The development of accurate kinetic models for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) faces major difficulties. This is related to the fact that the formation of the solid hydrochar can be regarded as a formation of a second phase from a homogenous solution. The reaction mechanism is not fully understood. From the current state of art, it is obvious that the reaction mechanism is some sort of polymerization reaction, thus, having reaction order higher than one. In order to gain more knowledge about the HTC reaction, fructose is used as a model substance, as it can be regarded as a key intermediate during the hydrothermal processing of carbohydrates. The results indicate that the reaction order is a highly sensitive parameter varying with temperature, reaction time and initial concentration. It can be concluded that the model itself is a strong simplification of the real reaction mechanism, thus more research is necessary to complete the actual knowledge.     

Inversion,chemical complexity,and interstitial transport in spinels

Spinels with the generic chemical formula AB₂O₄ have potential applications in nuclear energy and batteries. In both cases, their functionality is related to mass transport through the crystal. Here, using long-time atomistic simulations, we examine the impact of the cation structure on interstitial transport in two spinel chemistries, inverse MgGa₂O₄ and double MgAlGaO₄. We emphasize two aspects of the transport properties: the unit mechanisms that are described by individual barriers, for which we introduce pole-figure-like plots, and the aggregate behavior of those unit mechanisms. Compared to previous work on normal spinels, we find that inversion significantly reduces the rate of interstitial transport in these structures and has an impact on the stability of defects as they move through the lattice. In particular, B cation interstitials are found to be kinetically stable only in the inverse MgGa₂O₄. These results provide new insight into relationship between structure, chemistry, and transport in spinels.     

丁腈橡胶硫化反应动力学研究

设计了促进剂A 4种不同用量的丁腈橡胶配方;基于配方,先利用密炼机将丁腈橡胶、硬脂酸和ZnO混炼,再利用开炼机加入硫黄、促进剂和防老剂,再利用无转子硫化仪分别测试了160℃、170℃和180℃下胶料硫化曲线;基于硫化曲线计算出了每组配方胶料硫化反应速率常数K和活化能Ea。结果表明,在焦烧期时,NBR硫化反应为非一级反应,真正的一级反应开始于硫化速率达到最大时,即tdis;焦烧期后的反应可分为2个阶段且遵循一级动力学反应规律。     

工艺空气压缩机组开车过程的思考

通过汽轮机组调速系统伺服马达不复位、主汽门不动作，反推出电磁阀控制线路接线错误，用人为短路压力开关等手段判断出组合油脱扣器活塞卡涩是造成现场延误开车的根本原因，提出完善大机组开车工作票制度、提高人员素质等措施。     

关于(0,2,3)型插值多项式的逼近阶研究

设f(x) ∈C_(2π),Qn(f,x)是以x_(kn)=(2πk)/n(k=0,1,…,n-11)为基点的(0,2,3)型插值多项式,n=2m+1。Tm(f,x)是以{X_(kn)}_(k=0)~(n-1)为基点的(0)型插值多项式。因为u_n(x)∈C_(2π),使得 lim[f(x)-Q_n(f,x)-u_n(x)(f(x)-T_m(f,x))]=0 n→∞ (关于0≤x≤2π一致地成立)。本文进一步得到了逼近阶估计: |f(x)-Q_n(f,x)-u_n(x)(f(x)-T_m(f,x))| ≤C[ω(f,(1_nn)/n)+1/n_(k=1)~nΣω(f,1/k)]     

Describing natural colors with Munsell and NCS color systems

The Munsell Color System and the Natural Color System are widely used but they have some limitations due to the manufacturing process and sampling choices. To estimate quantitatively these limitations we compared the colors of natural scenes with the colors represented by these systems under a wide range of illuminants. Spectral data from the two systems and from natural scenes were used in the analysis. It was found that a considerable portion of natural colors are not accounted by these systems, mainly colors with low lightness levels. Under D65 the Munsell Color System color volume corresponds to 72% of the Natural Color System color volume which in turn represents only 53% of the natural scenes color volume. If individual colors are considered, less than half are contained within these systems. To obtain a complete match to the natural colors contained by the color systems thresholds of 7 and 5 CIELAB units would be required for Munsell Color System and Natural Color System, respectively. Variations with the illuminant are generally modest showing that both system work similarly across different illuminations. Although these Color Systems have limitations in describing low lightness colors they perform quite well for medium to high levels of lightness.     

反应级数对理想反应器组合方式效率的研究

对于不同级数的不可逆反应,研究了其在全混流反应器(CSTR)与平推流反应器(PFR)不同组合方式中的最终转化率。对两种理想流动反应器的不同组合方式,如CSTR+PFR串联、PFR+CSTR串联及CSTR与PFR并联,反应的最终转化率随反应级数的不同而变化。当反应级数为负值时,CSTR与PFR并联组合方式的最终转化率最高;当反应级数为0~1之间的数值时,CSTR+PFR串联组合方式的最终转化率最高;而当反应级数大于1时,PFR+CSTR串联组合方式的最终转化率最高;当反应级数为0时,三种组合方式具有相同的最终转化率;但当反应为一级不可逆反应时,两种反应器串联时的最终转化率相同,并高于两种反应器并联时的最终转化率。     

石墨碎在电极生产中的作用

通过石墨碎、大庆石油焦、锦州石油焦的对比试验,分析了石墨碎的性能,并通过生产试验,分析了石墨电极生产中加入石墨碎对生产及产品的影响。石墨碎具有真密度高、体积密度大,电阻率、CTE偏低,振实密度、颗粒强度大等优点。在石墨电极生产中加入一定的石墨碎可以提高产品的体积密度、强度,降低电阻率等。     

分批运输的物流调度

研究了一般性的两个阶段的调度问题,第一阶段加工不同价值的工件,第二阶段把加工完的工件分批,并以不同的方式运送到指定的目的地.目标函数是使运输时间和运输费用的总和达到最小.由于本问题不仅包含了加权完工时间这一传统的评价尺度,并且包含了运输安排和费用,这两个条件都是物流调度的重要因素,所以我们称这个问题为整批运输的物流调度问题.     

索塔式风力发电机塔架优化设计

提出一种索塔式新型风力发电塔架,确定了纤绳锚固点高度、初张力及纤绳与地面夹角等参数;以实际工程为背景,根据ANSYS一阶优化方法,编制了索塔式风电塔架和单管塔的APDL优化程序,对两种塔架分别进行截面优化和结构优化.对比结果表明,索塔式塔架具有比单管塔基础工程量小﹑运输方便、施工难度小等优点.就索塔式塔架而言,增大纤绳初张力可有效减小塔底弯矩,在一定范围内增大纤绳初张力可有效提高塔架稳定性.