Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of a new thermotropic liquid-crystalline ‘backbone’ copolyester

Details of the thermal behaviour of the following liquid-crystalline ‘backbone’ copolyester are reported: — [OCC₆O]_0.6+[OOCC₆H₄OCH₂CH₂OC₂H₄COOCH₂CH₂]_0.4? Between 218° and 337°C, observations using a polarizing microscope indicate the formation of a birefringent melt that exhibits a Schlieren texture. From the observation of disclinations of strength $\text{±}\text{1}\text{2}$, the mesophase can be identified as a nematic phase. The isobaric phase diagram of mixtures of copolyester and N,N′-di-(ρ-methoxy benzylidene)-α,α′-bi-ρ-toluidine and X-ray diffraction patterns provide definite proof as to the nematic structure of the birefringent melt. Addition of a chiral compound to the copolyester in the nematic state causes the formation of the typical textures of cholesterics. The temperature dependence of the order parameter has been determined from FTi.r. polarized spectra. At high temperature S is found to be 0.3. Such a result confirms the recent theory of Ronca and Yoon: the isotropic-nematic transition of semiflexible polymers does not entail a very high degree of order in the resultant nematic phase.     

The british building colour standards: Conversion to the notations of munsell,NCS, din,coloroid, colorcurve,and OSA-UCS

This article provides Munsell (aim and actual), NCS (aim and actual), DIN (aim and actual), Coloroid (aim), Colorcurve (aim and actual), and OSA-UCS (aim and actual) notations for the 237 colour samples that comprise BS5252. These notations were obtained from recent spectrophotometric measurement of the standard, using a new version of the colour notation conversion program initially developed at the University of Teesside. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.     

Experimental conditions affecting coherent bremsstrahlung in X-ray microanalysis

Coherent bremsstrahlung (CB) peaks from several metallic crystals have been observed in X-ray spectra obtained in the analytical electron microscope. The dependence of CB peaks on certain microscope and specimen parameters was studied with the aim of being able to distinguish CB peaks from small elemental peaks in the X-ray spectra. It was found that although CB generation is unavoidable in thin crystals, careful choice of experimental conditions allows the detection of CB to be controlled and minimized.     

嵌段共聚物对LDPE／PS共混物的增容作用混合顺序对LDPE／SEBS／PS共混物形态的影响

混合顺序对低密度聚乙烯／（苯乙烯－乙烯／丁烯－苯乙烯）三嵌段共聚物／聚苯乙烯共混物的形态有一定的影响。研究结果表明，增容剂先与分散相混合，增容剂集中在分散相，然后与连续相混合，这样增容剂容易迁移到两相界面，具有更好的增容效果。     

Well reservoir model identification using translation and scale invariant higher order networks

This paper describes the use of higher order neural networks to identify well reservoir response models from test data. Well reservoir response models are characterised by a family of parametrically related curves. Neural networks can in principle offer an interesting approach to the identification problem as data are often uncertain and incomplete. However, it turns out that the well reservoir model, viewed as a curve in two dimensions, is invariant with respect to translation and changes of scale of the axes. This poses severe problems for a standard backpropagation network using the two-dimensional plot as an input retina. This difficulty can be overcome by using a higher order network in which the output is forced to be invariant with respect to the required transformations of the retina. In this way, the potentially huge number of weights is significantly reduced using the invariance condition as a constraint which acts so as to divide the weights into equivalence classes within which they are equal. The resulting network can then be trained using standard techniques. We contrast this network approach with classical methods of model identification.     

Alcoholism, birth order, and family size.

On the basis of Schachter's findings relating affiliation during anxiety to birth order it was predicted that later borns and persons from large families should be overrepresented among alcoholics and that the number of alcoholics within each family size should increase with increasing birth order. First borns were expected to have significantly more therapeutic contacts than later borns. It was pointed out that Schachter's analyses, based on Bakan's data, lacked, among other things, a correction for family size. When this correction was employed with birth order and family size data from a sample of 242 treated alcoholics, the only hypothesis supported was that relating to an overrepresentation of persons from large families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

N + 1 ways not to run a railroad.

Although "attacking what I consider to be a series of simplistic fallacies in thinking about social control, it is my intention to encourage a responsible realistic discussion of the issues." One fallacy is that it is possible to establish a completely unchanging social order, a "total state" which once established will continue running in unchanging form. "A second fallacy in thinking about social control in the 'total state' is that the major problems are those of political loyalty." A third fallacy is "the tacit assumption that the problem of social control is solely one of the control of individual behavior." The determinism versus free-will controversy is irresolvable. Complete determinism "can never be proven or disproven for one reason: our knowledge is and must always be finite." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A critical review of the approach to birth order research.

The birth order literature was reviewed in order to demonstrate that the present emphasis on birth order differences with a de-emphasis on theory has resulted in confusion. Birth order research topics reviewed were: child-rearing practices, affiliation, dependence, and conformity, intelligence and achievement, and alcoholism. Following the review, two suggestions were made concerning the direction of future birth order research. The first concerned the importance of undertaking theoretically-derived research as opposed to research focused on differences. Developmental theories, particularly those considering the family and child-rearing practices were suggested. The second concerned the value of a moderator variable (Ghiselli, 1963) in birth order research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Similarity of performance as influenced by interaction, self-esteem, and birth order.

"This study concerns the relationship between the amount of interaction between two persons in a group and the acquisition by one of the persons of an attribute of the other. It is hypothesized that the greater the interaction between the two, the more will one acquire an attribute of the other… . Twenty groups of six subjects each (all college students) were formed to carry out a word assembly task so arranged that one of the six would be the center of the interaction." The findings were that similarity to the performance of the central figure was noted for the groups in general. Even more so, the factors of degree of prior attraction to the central figure, degree of prior acquaintance among Ss, S's self-esteem, and S's order of birth in their family influence the experimental behavior. Low attraction, minimal prior acquaintance among Ss, higher self-esteem, and those born later in the sibling series facilitated S's performance in the task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Birth order, need achievement, and conformity.

"… first born persons have a higher need for achievement than later born persons; first born females exhibit greater resistance to influence… and first born males exhibit less resistance to influence than later born males." The results are explained in terms of the psychological significance of order of birth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)