Novel process for cover glass with ideal stress distribution

Abstract — This paper proposes a new process to manufacture cover glass that overcomes a strength trade‐off between the face and the edge. In the process, alkali barrier films are deposited on glass faces before an ion exchange process in order to control face stress properties without inhibiting the edge strengthening. As a demonstration of the process, alkali‐alumino‐silicate glass sheets with sputter‐deposited SiO₂ films were chemically strengthened, and then their stress properties and strengths were investigated. As a result, thicker SiO₂ films cause lower face DOL (depth of strengthened layer), and it is observed that the faces have lower DOL than the edges. In strength tests corresponding to major fracture modes of smartphone cover glass, specimens with 80–100 nm films have more balanced face performance and better edge impact strengths than the no‐film specimen.     

A study of 3D cover glass design that improves handheld device drop reliability

Cover glass in commercial handheld devices is now evolving from flat (2D) to curved (3D) shapes. For example, some commercial devices have utilized sled‐shape cover glass, 1 which partially covers long edges of the device. According to the patents published by key handheld manufacturers, 2 , 3 we can expect more variety of 3D shaped cover glass for handheld devices in the market. In this study, we have focused on the reliability of 3D cover glass when it is dropped to a rigid surface. The key parameters under study are the corner/edge bend radius and angle of the cover glass, which determines the 3D shape of the cover glass. To achieve this goal, we developed a finite element model to simulate the drop 4 - 13 of a handheld device with 3D‐shaped glass. The model uses explicit algorithm to simulate the high speed impact on the device during the drop test. The glass performance was evaluated based on contact force between the glass and the ground and maximum principal stress in the glass. We showed that to avoid severe damage because of first impact between the glass and the ground, the bend angle of 3D glass has to be in the range between 0 and 45°. For drop angles of 45° and higher, with the proposed glass bend angle, the impact can be taken over by the edge of the back cover of the device. In addition, we showed that optimum glass bend radius is in the range of 3.8 mm and larger. This is required to reduce stress in glass because of impact. The approach and conclusions from the current study can serve as a general guideline to improve the 3D cover glass reliability of a handheld device.     

寒冷地区电站长距离输水明渠冬季运行方式探讨

通过大量工程资料收集和类似工程经验分析,对寒冷地区引水式水电站长距离输水明渠在冬季各种输、排冰运行方式的适用性进行了对比分析,着重对结冰盖运行方式的建筑物布置、流量控制和水位控制等进行深入分析和研究,提出了完整的分段壅水结冰盖输水方式的输水渠道建筑物布置、水位运行控制的设计和运行控制方法,消除了寒冷地区电站输水长明渠冬季运行中的冰冻危害问题,并成功运用于实际工程设计和运行。     

洞庭湖区土地覆被对长江水位变化的响应分析

为了研究长江水位的变化对洞庭湖区土地覆被的影响,基于洞庭湖区近26 a土地覆被遥感影像的解译成果,分别构建了东洞庭湖区和西+南洞庭湖区水域、泥滩、草洲、芦苇地、裸地和防护林面积与对应时段城陵矶水位之间的回归方程。分析结果显示：东洞庭湖区水域、泥滩、草洲面积和西+南洞庭湖区水域面积与城陵矶水位之间具有极显著的相关关系,而芦苇地、裸地和防护林等面积与城陵矶水位之间的关系并不显著;城陵矶水位变化对东洞庭湖区土地覆被的影响明显高于对西+南洞庭湖区土地覆被的影响。此外,依据所构建回归方程,预测长江上游大型梯级电站运行将导致洞庭湖区呈现泥滩和草洲挤占水域的态势。     

某水电站覆盖层地基渗透系数反演分析

结合某水利枢纽工程,基于其工程地质和水文资料(钻孔勘探和抽注水试验等),利用有限元ANSYS优化设计模块,对坝址区渗流域全天然渗流场进行三维渗流参数反演计算,以确定坝基的实际渗透系数,为后面的渗流分析、选择合理的渗流控制措施以及防渗技术方案优化提供可靠的计算依据。     

Study of a Class of Almost‐controllable Discrete‐time Bilinear Systems

This paper studies the controllability of a class of time‐invariant discrete‐time bilinear systems. Although the system is not controllable in the whole space, there is a very large region where control is effective. Results show that the uncontrollable region of this kind of bilinear system has a Lebesgue measure of zero. In other words, for almost any initial state and any terminal state in the state space, the former can be transferred to the latter. Further, a necessary condition for near controllability is presented. Therefore, the results in this paper unify and generalize the corresponding conclusions in the literature. ©2014 Chinese Automatic Control Society and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd     

Evaporation from Lake Superior: 1. Physical controls and processes

The surface energy balance of Lake Superior was measured using the eddy covariance method at a remote, offshore site at 0.5-h intervals from June 2008 through November 2010. Pronounced seasonal patterns in the surface energy balance were observed, with a five-month delay between maximum summer net radiation and maximum winter latent and sensible heat fluxes. Late season (winter) evaporation and sensible heat losses from the lake typically occurred in two- to three-day-long events, and were associated with significant release of stored heat from the lake. The majority of the evaporative heat loss (70-88%) and sensible heat loss (97-99%) occurred between October and March, with 464 mm (2008-2009) and 645 mm (2009-2010) of evaporative water loss occurring over the water year starting October 1. Evaporation was proportional to the horizontal wind speed, inversely proportional to the ambient vapor pressure, and was well described by the ratio of wind speed to vapor pressure. This ratio remained relatively constant between the two water years, so the differences in evaporative water loss between years were largely associated with differences in lake surface conditions (e.g. water temperature, ice cover, and ice duration). Since late-season water temperature decline is driven by evaporative and sensible heat loss, the potential for a negative feedback mechanism between evaporation and ice cover is discussed.     

中国积雪时空演变特征及其与海气环流因子的时序关联性

积雪时空变化作为表征增暖背景下冰冻圈的重要指标之一,在全球气候变化科学研究中具有重要作用。采用1961—2016年中国545个气象观测站的积雪日数、积雪深度日值数据和3个海气环流因子,通过多种统计方法,诊断中国积雪的时空演变特征及积雪与海气环流因子的时频相关性。结果表明:(1)1961—2016年中国积雪日数和深度在波动中呈缓慢增加趋势,且具有明显的年代分段变化特征。中国积雪日数和深度均具有30a和50a的周期振荡特征,其中积雪深度在1969年发生突变。(2)1961—2016年中国气候态积雪日数和深度具有明显的南低北高的空间分异特征,尤其是东北、内蒙古东部和新疆北部的积雪较多分布。中国积雪多寡具有明显的年代和区域分异特征。(3)在变化趋势上,1961—2016年中国积雪日数在东北和内蒙古东部趋于增多;而积雪深度除上述区域外,在华北、西北和江淮东部也趋于增多。在波动特征上,中国积雪日数和深度在华南南部、云南和四川东部波动较大,其它地区波动相对较小。(4)与海气因子时频关联性上,中国积雪与不同海气因子关联性不同,且与同一因子在不同时段的关联性也有一定差异。     

不同灌溉量对退化草地的生态恢复作用

在希拉穆仁草原进行了为期3年的草地灌溉试验,对测试的试验地在灌溉3年期间及停灌后1年内进行了植被调查和土壤种子库发芽试验,结果表明：一是灌溉可以明显提高草地植被的生产性能且不同灌溉量间并无明显差异。当停止灌溉后,原灌溉样地的植被生产性能均略低于无灌溉对照区,且不同灌溉量间也无明显差异。二是不同灌溉量样地植被物种组成与无灌溉对照区的Bray-curtis相似性系数始终保持在0.8左右,表明灌溉期间群落结构并未发生很大变化。当停止灌溉后,原灌溉样地与无灌溉对照区的Bray-curtis相似性系数下降为充足灌溉区0.61和中度灌溉区0.55,表明灌溉对植物的生存策略有一定的影响且不同灌溉量基本相同。三是土壤中的种子总数量有所增加,但物种的数量有所减少。充足灌溉样地土壤种子库情况略差于无灌溉对照区,中度灌溉样地则略好于无灌溉对照区,表明不同灌溉量对植物的繁殖策略有一定的影响。     

不同土地利用/覆被条件下松嫩盆地降水入渗补给量研究

土地利用/覆被条件是降水入渗补给量的主要影响因素,近10年来松嫩盆地土地利用/覆被变化显著.本次研究采WetSpass模型计算土地利用/覆被条件不同对降水入渗补给量的影响.定性分析不同土地利用/覆被类型的转化对降水入渗补给量的影响,并计算1995～2005这10年间,松嫩盆地的土地利用/覆被条件变化对其年均降水入渗补给...