欧美博士培养的质量评估：现状与趋势

欧美高等教育面临各种机遇与挑战,博士培养质量的评估也受到内部和外部诸多力量的共同影响,在此背景之下问责制成为评估中的重要力量,各种各样的博士教育质量评估方案不断出现。在博士培养质量的评估过程中,对教学的重视成为趋势,全国范围内的评估得到强化,专业学科层次的博士评估不断进行,基金会对于博士评估方式也出现改变,欧美博士培养的质量则因不断进行的评估而保持稳定。     

Assessing landscape perception of urban rocky habitats

The urban landscape structure and its changing characteristics have produced various effects on natural and human systems of its own and surroundings [Gilbert OL. The ecology of urban habitats. London: Chapman & Hall; 1991 [1]; Rebele F. Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 1994;4:173–87 [2]; Rees WE. Urban ecosystems: the human dimension. Urban Ecosystems 1997;1:63–75 [3]; Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Nilon CH, Pouyat RV, Zipperer WC, et al. Urban ecological systems: linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2001;32:127–57 [4]; Hope D, Gries C, Zhu WX, Fagan WF, Redman CL, Grimm NB, et al., Socioeconomics drive urban plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003;100(15):8788–92 [5]; Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM. Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms, Landscape and Urban Planning 2004;69(4):369–84 [6]; Luck M, Jianguo Wu J. A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology 2002:17(4):327–39 [7]; Angold PG, Sadler JP, Hill MO, Pullin A, Rushton S, Austin K, et al., Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. Science of the Total Environment 2006;360(1–3):196–204 [8]]. By environmental literature conducted recently, it has been evidently comprehended that urban life quality for mankind and others can be improved by serving these systems with green and living elements. This study is to investigate urban rocky habitats that have special natural characteristics and that can be implicated for urban green areas. But these habitats have been considered as nature splits withstanding against the urban pressures by means of the unplanned build-up activities foremost, and road construction, poor quality or neglected remnants. Therefore, this study presents the environmental perception and preferences of urban rocky habitats which are threatening within excessive urbanization and human use of natural areas in the context of the city of Trabzon, Turkey. So, a total of 20 habitats selected from urban and surroundings were surveyed by using a questionnaire and landscape assessment approach. With surveying performed on 204 participants, visual preferences, landscape attributes and proposed management options for urban nature conservation were determined. The χ²${\chi }^2$-test results revealed clearly that the demographic and expertise status of the participants were correlated with the preferences for types of rocky habitat scene and management options. The scenes with natural elements and less human disturbance obtained higher scores on visual preferences than any of the urban rocky scenes lacking these characteristics. Also, in the quantitative phase, factor analysis based on principal component structure revealed the ‘visual and spatial effects’, the ‘usage and arrangement’, the ‘naturalness and ecological value’, and the ‘functionality’ components of the scenes. Consequently, some implications for the effective and efficient planning and development of urban nature conservation by assisting the better understanding of the various patterns of landscape preference, choice and satisfaction in habitats under the present study were suggested.     

混凝土碳化及钢筋锈蚀预测模型对比验证

为了准确评估混凝土碳化深度和钢筋锈蚀程度,综述了现有的一些混凝土碳化模型和钢筋锈蚀模型的特点,以工程实测数据为证,重点比较了各个模型预测值与实测值之间的差异,并讨论了该差异大小不同的原因,最后建议了不同模型的适用条件.结果可以为混凝土结构耐久性评估工作提供参考.     

基于LCA的建筑节能综合评价体系研究

分析了建立节能综合评价体系对我国建筑节能的意义,提出构建科学合理的建筑节能评价体系必须具备三大要素,并在此基础上构建了建筑节能产品、技术综合评价指标体系,同时,对该体系的指标内涵及计算方法进行了描述。     

供水管网水质健康风险评价模型及实例

对供水管网系统存在的水质健康风险进行分析,提出了"区域内单化学污染物的健康风险"、"区域叠加风险"和"系统综合风险"这三个评价指标及其计算方法,并在此基础上建立了供水管网水质健康风险评价模型,包括区域划分、数据收集及分析、危害判定、暴露评价、剂量-响应评估、风险表征及风险管理.应用该模型进行实例研究的结果表明,它将供水管网系统的水质与公众的健康风险联系起来,对供水管网系统的健康风险管理有一定的指导意义.     

基于深度学习和迁移学习的液压泵健康评估方法

对液压泵建立健康评估模型需要大量训练数据,然而由于其工作条件随时间的地点变化,使得获取特定条件下的数据比较困难。为了在目标数据不足的条件下对液压泵建立健康评估模型,提出了一种深度学习和迁移学习的液压泵健康评估方法。首先,通过卷积神经网络的方法对已有大量历史条件下液压泵振动的频域信号建立预测模型,再用迁移学习的思想在少量目标液压泵数据上对深度学习模型进行微调。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地提高预测准确率。     

钢管混凝土拱桥技术状况检测与评定

以某钢管混凝土拱桥为研究对象,开展常规外观检查和桥位水质调查,分别应用《城市桥梁养护技术规范》(CJJ 99—2003)和《公路桥涵养护规范》(JTG H11—2004)对桥梁的状况进行评估。结果表明:该桥评定状况分别属于D级和三类桥,需要进行中修;2个规范中缺乏与钢管混凝土拱桥有关的专门条款,存在着不足之处;虽然2个规范对该桥的评定结果相近,但是在上部结构、下部结构和桥面系的状况指数、权重方面存在着一定的差异,其一致性方面的检验还有待更多桥例的验证。     

地铁工程施工安全评价标准研究

我国当前正进行高速的地铁工程建设,安全问题至关重要,但我国目前的标准体系中尚无专门应用于地铁工程施工过程的安全评价标准。本文阐述地铁工程施工安全评价标准的定位、适用范畴、编制依据以及编制原则;建立安全评价标准的内容体系,构建针对施工安全组织管理评价、施工安全技术管理评价、施工环境安全管理评价、施工安全监控预警管理评价的四个单项安全评价指标体系,在此基础上给出四个单项安全管理水平等级和总体安全管理水平等级评价方法;分析地铁工程施工安全评价标准主要特点,从而构建切实可行的具有自我约束、自我监督、自我完善的地铁工程施工安全评价标准,将地铁工程施工安全纳入标准化、规范化管理,对确保地铁工程安全施工具有比较重要的意义。     

古建筑木结构抗震构造评估研究

为保护古建筑,采用归纳及分析方法,对中国古建筑木结构的抗震构造评估进行了探讨.基于《古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范》相关规定,对古建筑木结构抗震构造的评估内容进行了论述;基于古建筑抗震构造评估现状,对现有的评估方法进行了归纳和汇总;基于2个典型实例,对古建筑木结构抗震构造评估内容和方法提出了相关建议.结果表明:中国古建...     

大型公共建筑风险评估框架研究

大型公共建筑是开放复杂系统,其风险由可靠性风险、安全性风险和可持续发展性风险构成.大型公共建筑的风险评估、需要从系统的角度,针对3类风险的不同特性,采用定性与定量结合的方法,进行系统的风险评估.针对可靠性风险侧重系统的可靠程度评估,安全性风险侧重风险源和系统脆弱性评估,可持续发展性风险侧重关联风险事件评估.大型公共建筑...