Autocatalytic reactions in the isothermal,continuous stirred tank reactor: Isolas and other forms of multistability

Autocatalytic reactions are often complicated, and analyses of their behaviour in open systems can seem too particular to permit useful generalisation. We study here the simplest of circumstances (uniform temperatures and concentrations in the isothermal CSTR) and the simplest of reaction schemes: (i) quadratic autocatalysis (A + B→2B); and (ii) cubic autocatalysis (A + 2B→3B). The catalyst B may be stable or have a finite lifetime (B→ inert products). Allowing for this finite lifetime adds another dimension to the interest.The phenomena encountered include multistability, hysteresis, critical extinctions, critical ignitions, and anomalous relaxation times (though infinite values do not arise). Patterns of stationary states as function of residence time can show isolas and mushrooms. All these aspects yield to simple algebraic analysis. The presence of the catalyst B in the inflow can make qualitative differences of a kind parallelled by an additional, non-catalytic reaction of the same stoichiometry (e.g. A→B). Invoking the reversibility of the reactions neither increases nor diminishes their variety, and thermodynamic considerations have little to do with the many different patterns of reactivity displayed.The local stability of the various stationary states has also been characterized. Quadratic autocatalysis shows limited variety (stable node, stable focus); cubic autocatalysis generates all the kinds of stationary state possible in a two-variable system. Again all the algebra is straightforward if not always simple. Sustained oscillatory behavior (limit cycles) also occur.All these remarks relate to isothermal systems, but there are the most striking parallels between isothermal autocatalysis and the exothermic, first-order reaction in the CSTR. Behaviour with an autocatalyst of complete stability corresponds to perfect heat insulation (adiabatic operation) in the non-isothermal, exothermic system.     

Unified reliability estimation and management of NoC based chip multiprocessors

We present a new architecture level unified reliability evaluation methodology for chip multiprocessors (CMPs). The proposed reliability estimation (REST) is based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. What distinguishes REST from the previous work is that both the computational and communication components are considered in a unified manner to compute the reliability of the CMP. We utilize REST tool to develop a new dynamic reliability management (DRM) scheme to address time-dependent dielectric breakdown and negative-bias temperature instability aging mechanisms in network-on-chip (NoC) based CMPs. Designed as a control loop, the proposed DRM scheme uses an effective neural network based reliability estimation module. The neural-network predictor is trained using the REST tool. We investigate how system’s lifetime changes when the NoC as the communication unit of the CMP is considered or not during the reliability evaluation process and find that differences can be as high as 60%. Full-system based simulations using a customized GEM5 simulator show that reliability can be improved by up to 52% using the proposed DRM scheme in a best-effort scenario with 2–9% performance penalty (using a user set target lifetime of 7 years) over the case when no DRM is employed.     

Pathline glyphs

Visualization of pathlines is common and highly relevant for the analysis of unsteady flow. However, pathlines can intersect, leading to visual clutter and perceptual issues. This makes it intrinsically difficult to provide expressive visualizations of the entire domain by an arrangement of multiple pathlines, in contrast to well‐established streamline placement techniques. We present an approach to reduce these problems. It is inspired by glyph‐based visualization and small multiples: we partition the domain into cells, each corresponding to a downscaled version of the entire domain. Inside these cells, a single downscaled pathline is drawn. On the overview scale, our pathline glyphs lead to emergent visual patterns that provide insight into time‐dependent flow behavior. Zooming‐in allows us to analyze individual pathlines in detail and compare neighboring lines. The overall approach is complemented with a context‐preserving zoom lens and interactive pathline‐based exploration. While we primarily target the visualization of 2D flow, we also address the extension to 3D. Our evaluation includes several examples, comparison to other flow visualization techniques, and a user study with domain experts.     

试议港口集卡调度算法模型分析

随着我国集装箱吞吐量的快速增长,集装箱港口对作业效率的要求也越来越高。在现有作业技术水平和硬件设备、设施的基础上实现作业效率的提高,已经成为集装箱港口发展所面临的重要问题。从集装箱港口作业的一个环节——集卡作业入手,分析提高集卡利用率,进而带动整个港口作业效率的提高。     

Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour II— pilot plant and two-solvent extractions

The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale. The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour. A laboratory study on separation of miscella from meal by aqueous ethanol reduced the hold-up volume, but it did not remove all the miscella. A test with betacarotene showed that only the miscella outside the flour particles was displaced. Aqueous ethanol solutions used as a second solvent extracted additional nontriglyceride materials (primarily phospholipids) from the meal. Also, the free fatty acid content of the oil was increased with aqueous ethanol solution wash. The quality of the extracted crude oil was lowered by using a second solvent, but it had the advantage of needing only one centrifugation to separate miscella from meal.     

An analytical model for freeboard and in-bed limestone sulfation in fluidized-bed coal combustors

A new model, which combines in-bed and freeboard sulfation, significantly improves the ability to predict sulfur capture by limestone sorbents in fluidized-bed coal combustors. In this model, the in-bed hydrodynamics are described in terms of a bubble phase and an emulsion phase while the freeboard region has only a diluted emulsion phase. The solids, which are in the emulsion phases, are considered to be completely back-mixed; the gaseous bubble phase travels in plug-flow but exchanges with the emulsion phase. The sulfation reaction occurs principally in the emulsion phase and the reaction rate is a direct function of the sulfur dioxide concentration, the extent of the calcium oxide conversion (as measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer), and the amount of limestone present in the bed and in the freeboard. The amount present, or holdup, in the free-board is calculated from empirical correlations for elutriation and from particle-time trajectories as predicted from equations of motion.The model indicates that a significant amount of sulfur capture can occur in the freeboard region, especially with high superficial gas velocities and small particle sizes, both of which lead to increased freeboard holdup. For an overall sulfur retention of 90%, approximately 9% of the sulfur is predicted to be captured within the freeboard above a combustor bed 1.8 m by 1.8 m by 1.2 m high of 1200 μm diameter limestone particles that are fluidized at 2.4 m/s. The model also predicts that the sulfur captured by the entrained particles is negligible. These predictions compare favorably with the actual sulfur retentions experienced in similar sized pilot-scale combustors.     

“顶岗置换”模式培养高师准幼儿教师的探讨

＂顶岗置换＂模式不仅促进了一线学前教师的职后培训,更有利于高师准幼儿教师的培养;同时,＂顶岗置换＂对高师准幼儿教师的培养提出了相应的挑战：顶岗对学生的高要求——能否从学生变为教师,顶岗对学生的低回报——能否从教中学。提出相应策略,促进＂顶岗置换＂模式下准幼儿教师的培养。     

初探混联法生产氧化铝的工艺优化

在目前的生产条件下。通过大量的混联法物料衡算，定量地研究了供矿铝硅比、熟料铝硅比和拜年法赤泥铝硅比对混联法的制造成本、能耗和拜年法与烧结法的生产比例的影响规律，提出我国混联法生产进一步优化的方向和途径。并开发了研究和评价的计算软件。为混联法的生产和设计的进一步优化奠定基础。     

南水北调中线工程水价形成机制初探

回顾了南水北调中线工程水价形成过程,指出了现行水价方案存在的问题。对真实水价形成机制进行了论述,认为制定水价应遵循公平负担、成本回收、合理利润、价格调整和水资源配置原则;同一水质、同类用户、不同水源的用水,应执行统一的水价;不同行业实行不同水价。鼓励受水区各省市间开展水量配额交易,最大限度发挥工程效益。供水水价既要反映水资源的稀缺程度和水环境治理成本,促进资源的节约使用和环境保护,提高全民节水意识,又要保证供水管理单位能够正常持续经营,具备自我积累、自我发展的能力。     

On input‐to‐state stability‐based design for leader/follower formation control with measurement delays

This paper addresses the design of low‐level controllers for leader–follower formations of nonholonomic vehicles in the presence of bounded measurement delays. The concept of input‐to‐state stability is extended to encompass the effect of bounded delays and restrictions on the input. A method is proposed to integrate a Smith predictor in a backstepping design on the basis of nested saturations and nonlinear small‐gain assignment, which allows for time delays in the feedback loop. Robustness analysis under uncertain bounded time delays is provided, and design tradeoffs resulting from the use of bounded controls are discussed. Illustrative simulations are shown to validate the design and robustness analysis in the context of a simple leader–follower trailing control problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.