Elementary School Children's Ability to Distinguish Hypothetical Beliefs From Statements of Preference.

The authors examined students' understanding of hypotheses as beliefs that can be empirically verified. Thirty second graders and 30 sixth graders considered cases of disagreement about foods and colors that reflected either alternative hypotheses or different preferences. Their task was to decide whether the validity of each expressed belief could be determined and to justify their decision. Younger students considered both hypotheses and preferences as empirically verifiable, whereas older students were better able to recognize in some cases that preferences are legitimately variable. This lack of distinction may reflect limited metaconceptual ability or a deterministic epistemological view, both of which might interfere with the understanding of the hypothesis-testing process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Persistence of conditioned flavor preferences is not due to inadvertent food reinforcement.

Almond preferences were produced by giving rats a mixture of almond and sucrose (Experiments 1-4) or saccharin (Experiment 4). A subsequent extinction procedure consisted of either repeated 2-bottle almond versus water tests (Experiment 1) or repeated exposure to almond alone (Experiments 2-4). The main independent variable was whether access to food following a session was given immediately, 30 min later, or 120 min later. No effect of extinction was found in any experiment. An important finding was that varying the delay until food access had no detectable effect. It was concluded that inadvertent flavor-food associations do not maintain preference for the flavor under extinction conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Kripke Semantics for Modal Substructural Logics

We introduce Kripke semantics for modal substructural logics, and provethe completeness theorems with respect to the semantics. Thecompleteness theorems are proved using an extended Ishihara's method ofcanonical model construction (Ishihara, 2000). The framework presentedcan deal with a broad range of modal substructural logics, including afragment of modal intuitionistic linear logic, and modal versions ofCorsi's logics, Visser's logic, Méndez's logics and relevant logics.     

浅谈引进采掘设备应考虑的几个问题

引进采掘设备是个复杂的工作，它不但牵涉到采矿能力的提高，同时也要考虑相应工艺的配套和设备管理所带来的问题，因此，引进采掘设备必须系统研究。     

The Impact of Lightstruck and Stale Character in Beers on their Perceived Quality: A Consumer Study

The relative liking or disliking that beer drinkers have for characteristics generally regarded as off‐flavours by brewers, namely lightstruck and stale, has been explored in a consumer trial where products are presented branded and unbranded. Drinkers display a significant preference for fresh over lightstruck product, irrespective of branding. By contrast, drinkers seemed to be less clear about their liking or otherwise for stale character, although in this case they clearly prefer the branded product over the unbranded product when the beers are fresh and vice‐versa when the beer is aged. A stale version of a beer that consumers are familiar with fails to meet expectations for that product. Significant numbers of drinkers do declare a liking for lightstruck and aged character.     

Effects of Fimbria-Fornix, Hippocampus, and Amygdala Lesions on Discrimination Between Proximal Locations.

The conditioned cue preference (CCP) task was used to study the information required to discriminate between spatial locations defined by adjacent arms of an 8-arm radial maze. Normal rats learned the discrimination after 3 unreinforced preexposure (PE) sessions and 4 food paired-unpaired training trials. Fimbria-fornix lesions made before, but not after, PE, and hippocampus lesions made at either time, blocked the discrimination, suggesting that the 2 structures processed different information. Lateral amygdala lesions made before PE facilitated the discrimination. This amygdala-mediated interference with the discrimination was the result of a conditioned approach response that did not discriminate between the 2 arm locations. A hippocampus/fimbria-fornix system and an amygdala system process different information about the same learning situation simultaneously and in parallel. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Esthetic decision‐making: How do people select colours for real settings?

A feature of the empirical literature in colour psychology is that little attention has been given to how people in real settings engage in colour selection. Surprisingly, with rare exceptions, we know almost nothing about this. Besides its theoretical significance within psychology, this question has practical implications for industries where colour choice is important. A study is reported into that most ubiquitous of activities, selecting a paint colour for the home. This used a retrospective method supported by qualitative data analysis (NVivo) in which participants described their process of colour selection. The results indicate a process that is far from uniform, but one that consists of two essential stages. The first involves arriving at what we refer to as an affective specification of the qualities sought. Once constructed, this leads to the second stage of matching colour attributes to that specification. Selecting a wall colour emerges as a surprisingly complex process, and one that corresponds more closely to a search than to a simple affective choice. A parallel is drawn with decision research, particularly the field of naturalistic decision‐making. From participants' reports, colour selection also emerges as a process that women appear to understand better than men. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 55–60, 2008     

In Search of the "Ideal" Pear (pyrus spp.): Results of a Multidisciplinary Exploration

Preference mapping with 10 pears identified 3 segments among New Zealand consumers. While 1 segment preferred ripe European cultivars, another rejected only the seedling with strong off‐flavors. A 3rd segment combined the 2 former segments, but also rejected 2 hybrid samples. Survey responses to the question “To me, the ideal pear is ?” from a 2nd consumer sample confirmed the general preference for juicy and sweet pears, the key characteristics of ripeness. A separate appearance evaluation revealed 4 segments based on color and shape. Combining information from several sources resulted in suggestions for new breeding directions for pears, while highlighting the importance of appearance and the need for more extensive measurements.     

Automated Theorem Proving in Temporal Logic:T-Resolution

This paper presentes a novel resolution method,T-resolution,based on the first order temporal logic.The primary claim of this method is its soundness and completeness.For this purpose,we construct the corresponding semantic trees and extend Herbrand‘s Theorem.     

连拱坝交叉模态综合法的完备性

对笔者提出的连拱坝动力特性计算的子结构交叉综合法的正确性进行了证明．利用证明子结构子模态向量组成的线性空间是完备的基础上，说明当交叉子结构中所取的截尾模态趋向于完备时，其结果等同于整体计算，并表明近似计算将收敛于正确的结果．