An experimental analysis on the evolution of the transient tip penetration in reacting Diesel sprays

Schlieren imaging has helped deeply characterize the behavior of Diesel spray when injected into an oxygen-free ambient. However, when considering the transient penetration of the reacting spray after autoignition, i.e. the Diesel flame, few studies have been found in literature. Differences among optical setups as well as among experimental conditions have not allowed clear conclusions to be drawn on this issue. Furthermore, soot radiation may have a strong effect on the image quality, which cannot be neglected.     

Soot formation in high pressure laminar diffusion flames

The details of the chemical and physical mechanisms of the soot formation process in combustion remain uncertain due to the highly complex nature of hydrocarbon flames, and only a few principles are firmly established mostly for atmospheric conditions. In spite of the fact that most combustion devices used for transportation operate at very high pressures (e.g., aircraft gas turbines up to 40 atm, diesel engines exceeding 100 atm), our understanding of soot formation at these pressures is not at a desirable level, and there is a fundamental lack of experimental data and complementary predictive models. The focus of this review is to assess the experimental results available from laminar co-flow diffusion flames burning at elevated pressures. First, a brief review of soot formation mechanisms in diffusion flames is presented. This is followed by an assessment of soot diagnostics techniques, both intrusive and non-intrusive, most commonly used in soot experiments including the laser induced incandescence. Then the experimental results of soot measurements done at elevated pressures in diffusion flames are reviewed and critically assessed. Soot studies in shock tubes and in premixed flames are not covered. Smoke point fuel mass flow rate is revisited, and shortcomings in recent measurements are pointed. The basic requirements for tractable and comparable measurements as a function of pressure are summarized. Most recent studies at high pressures with aliphatic gaseous fuels show that the soot yield displays a unified behaviour with reduced pressure. The maximum soot yield seems to reach a plateau asymptotically as the pressure exceeds the critical pressure of the fuel. Lack of experimental data on the sensitivity of soot morphology to pressure is emphasized. A short summary of efforts in the literature on the numerical simulation of soot formation in diffusion flames at high pressures is the last section of the paper.     

Effects of combustor size and filling condition on stability limits of premixed H2‐air flames in planar microcombustors

An experimental study on stability limits of premixed hydrogen‐air flames in planar microcombustors (H = 1 mm and 1.5 mm) partially filled with porous medium is carried out, focusing on the effects of combustor sizes and filling conditions. Critical conditions for blow‐off, flashback, and breaking through the porous medium are experimentally measured. The blow‐off limits are nearly independent of combustor sizes and filling conditions, while the flashback limits are strongly influenced by the combustor size and the filling conditions. Critical values for breaking through are identified with two different methods, and it is shown that standing combustion waves are settled over a range of velocities, instead of a fixed value of filtration velocity, which is considered an important characteristic of microcombustion. Most results can be explained by the classic boundary velocity gradient theory by von Elbe and Lewis, and thus the validity of the theory to the present channel spacings is confirmed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2571–2580, 2015     

Convective heat transfer in domed skylight cavities

Domed skylights are important architectural design elements that deliver daylight and solar heat into buildings, and connect the building's occupants to the outdoor environment. Despite the widespread use of domed skylights, there is limited information on the convective heat transfer within cavities of multi-glazed domes. This information is required to evaluate the thermal performance of domed skylights for product rating purposes, or to evaluate the heat loss or gain of installed skylights in buildings. This article presents a numerical study on the laminar natural convection in horizontal concentric domed cavities heated from the inside surface. A commercial CFD package is used to solve for the flow and temperature fields. The results show that for large cavity gap spacing-to-radius ratios, the cavity flow is mono-cellular and steady state. For small gap spacing ratios, however, the cavity flow may be multi-cellular and transient periodic. Practical correlations for the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the cavity shape and gap spacing ratio are developed for both flow regimes. The critical gap spacing ratio that yields the maximum Nusselt number is quantified for each cavity shape.     

C80高强混凝土的研发与试应用

该文介绍了C80预拌混凝土的研发与试应用过程,包括原材料选择、配合比设计、配合比验证,以及混凝土搅拌、运输、泵送、振捣和养护。为重庆预拌混凝土企业提供参考。     

电镀层状锡工艺的研究

采用电沉积方法在酸性体系下制得具有层状结构的镀锡层。研究了主盐、明胶、HIT-905添加剂及电流密度对镀锡层外观的影响,确定了较优的镀液组成及工艺条件。在优化工艺下得到了具有明显层状结构的镀锡层。     

织构化热处理对钢轨钢耐磨性和寿命的影响

目的减小钢轨钢表面因离散硬化产生的硬化区与基材边界处的硬度突变,从而消除磨损过程中硬化区与基材边界处因材质不连续而产生的早期碎裂现象,进一步提高钢轨钢的耐磨性和寿命。方法提出了一种基于层流等离子体束离散硬化的表面织构化热处理方法。与之前的离散圆点状硬化不同,通过调节等离子体束在试样表面的运动速度,改变试样表面的加热时间,在硬化区与基材之间人为地附加了一个过渡区。为了揭示织构化热处理对钢轨钢滚滑性能的影响,在摩擦磨损试验机上进行了磨损试验。磨损后的试样经切割、打磨、抛光和腐蚀,在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下进行了观察,以分析试样的磨损过程和织构化热处理提高试样耐磨性的机理。结果由于附加过渡区的存在,相变区的一边被拉长,形状变为泪滴状。硬化区到基材的硬度变化率由3500 HV/mm降低至200 HV/mm,在圆点状硬化中可观察到的硬度突变消失。同时,在磨损实验中,泪滴状硬化试样的磨损量较圆点状硬化试样降低了27%,边界碎裂消失。结论具有附加过渡区的试样比圆点状硬化的试样具有更好的耐磨性和抗塑性变形能力,该方法对提高钢轨钢的使用寿命具有一定的应用前景。     

高压下H2/CO稀释剂对乙烷/空气层流扩散火焰中碳烟形成的影响

采用CoFlame程序模拟研究了高压下H₂/CO稀释剂对乙烷/空气层流扩散火焰中碳烟形成的影响。结果表明:H₂和CO添加之后,火焰温度均略有增加,且碳烟体积分数随着H₂/CO稀释比的增加而降低。H₂的添加使得碳烟表面生长区域的H自由基浓度增加,减少了初始碳烟颗粒成核及表面生长的活性位点数,导致脱氢加乙炔(HACA)反应中氢提取速率减缓以及碳烟颗粒表面生长速率减缓。CO的添加使得苯(A1)和芘(A4)摩尔分数减少,减缓了碳烟成核速率,导致碳烟的生成受到抑制。     

缝合复合材料弹性性能分析的新方法——流场模型Ⅱ:缝合层合板弹性常数计算与实验

为了求解缝合层合板的弹性常数, 基于用流场模型计算缝合单层弹性性能的思想, 建立流场模型计算各种铺层方向缝合单层的弹性性能。以相应的流场模型为基础, 结合细观力学方法和均匀化方法, 计算了0°和45°缝合单层的弹性常数。最后应用改进的均匀化方法, 求得了6 组缝合层合板的弹性常数, 计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。