风力发电与变流器

讨论了目前流行的两种主流风力发电系统：变速恒频双馈风力发电系统和永磁直驱同步风力发电系统。着重分析了两种风电变流器的拓扑结构、工作原理和性能特点,对风力发电系统发电机、变流器、无功支持和低电压穿越能力等方面进行了论述。     

电网故障下光伏并网低压故障穿越控制策略的研究

电网发生故障或扰动可能造成光伏并网点电压跌落,严重影响电力系统的安全运行,光伏发电站有必要具备在电压跌落范围和时间内保证不脱网运行的能力。提出一种基于无功补偿的光伏并网低压穿越控制策略。该方法在检测到电压跌落时,通过断开外部电压环路将双闭环控制模式更改为单电流环路操作模式,采用改进后的无功补偿控制策略防止逆变器产生过电流,为电网电压提供无功补偿,较好实现不脱网运行。最后利用Matlab / Simulink软件比较和分析低压穿越控制策略前后的相关参数。仿真结果表明,改进的控制策略可以有效地抑制逆变器输出电流的增加,并且能提供无功功率来支持电网电压,以在电网电压骤降期间实现低压穿越。     

50年来辽宁省不同等级舒适日数演变及空间区划分析

根据1964—2015年辽宁省23个气象站点的逐日平均气温、相对湿度及平均风速资料,采用人体舒适度指数法计算人体舒适度指数,在季尺度上分析辽宁省不同等级舒适日数演变情况及典型旅游城市最佳旅游期;运用旋转经验正交函数分解法(REOF),分析人体舒适度指数季尺度空间变化特征,并应用ArcGIS软件进行舒适区域划分。结果表明:①辽宁省多年平均冷不舒适日数呈降低趋势,舒适日数呈增加趋势,热不舒适日数也呈微弱增加趋势;舒适程度夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季;②除冬季外5座典型旅游城市均适宜旅游,夏季为最佳旅游期;其中,沈阳、本溪更适宜春季旅游,大连更适宜秋季旅游。③辽宁省四季舒适度变化情况可大致划分为辽西、辽中、辽东三个区域,具体划分情况随季节有相应变化,总体舒适度由辽宁东部向西部逐渐递减。     

Response of the seated human body to whole-body vertical vibration: discomfort caused by sinusoidal vibration

Frequency weightings for predicting vibration discomfort assume the same frequency-dependence at all magnitudes of vibration, whereas biodynamic studies show that the frequency-dependence of the human body depends on the magnitude of vibration. This study investigated how the frequency-dependence of vibration discomfort depends on the acceleration and the force at the subject–seat interface. Using magnitude estimation, 20 males and 20 females judged their discomfort caused by sinusoidal vertical acceleration at 13 frequencies (1–16 Hz) at magnitudes from 0.1 to 4.0 ms^? 2 r.m.s. The frequency-dependence of their equivalent comfort contours depended on the magnitude of vibration, but was less dependent on the magnitude of dynamic force than the magnitude of acceleration, consistent with the biodynamic non-linearity of the body causing some of the magnitude-dependence of equivalent comfort contours. There were significant associations between the biodynamic responses and subjective responses at all frequencies in the range 1–16 Hz.

Practitioner Summary: Vertical seat vibration causes discomfort in many forms of transport. This study provides the frequency-dependence of vibration discomfort over a range of vibration magnitudes and shows how the frequency weightings in the current standards can be improved.     

Evaluation of thermal and evaporative resistances in cricket helmets using a sweating manikin

The main objective of this study is to establish an approach for measuring the dry and evaporative heat dissipation cricket helmets. A range of cricket helmets has been tested using a sweating manikin within a controlled climatic chamber. The thermal manikin experiments were conducted in two stages, namely the (i) dry test and (ii) wet test. The ambient air temperature for the dry tests was controlled to ∼23 °C, and the mean skin temperatures averaged ∼35 °C. The thermal insulation value measured for the manikin with helmet ensemble ranged from 1.0 to 1.2 clo. The results showed that among the five cricket helmets, the Masuri helmet offered slightly more thermal insulation while the Elite helmet offered the least. However, under the dry laboratory conditions and with minimal air movement (air velocity = 0.08 ± 0.01 ms⁻¹), small differences exist between the thermal resistance values for the tested helmets. The wet tests were conducted in an isothermal condition, with an ambient and skin mean temperatures averaged ∼35 °C, the evaporative resistance, R_et, varied between 36 and 60 m² Pa W⁻¹. These large variations in evaporative heat dissipation values are due to the presence of a thick layer of comfort lining in certain helmet designs. This finding suggests that the type and design of padding may influence the rate of evaporative heat dissipation from the head and face; hence the type of material and thickness of the padding is critical for the effectiveness of evaporative heat loss and comfort of the wearer. Issues for further investigations in field trials are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of methods for determining the metabolic rate in order to provide a balance between man and the environment

The incorrect determination of metabolic rate can be linked to discrepancies between the model of the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and real thermal sensation collected in field studies. Aiming to improve the correlation of the PMV model and the real thermal sensation, this work established new values for the metabolic rate: one way being called “calculated” using Newton's Method and the other called "measured" using a metabolic analyzer. Welder's activities were evaluated, through the measurements of environmental and personal variables. New values of metabolic rate were determined for this activity. The values found for the calculated form and the measured one were, respectively, 178.63 and 145.46 W/m², different from the range provided by the table of ISO 8996 (2004) for this activity (75–125 W/m²). In order to verify which of the values of the metabolic rate was closer to the real thermal sensation of PMV, a linear regression was made between the PMV and the real thermal sensation in three ways: S × PMV_tabulated (R² = 0.1749), S × PMV_calculated (R ² = 0.7481) and S × PMV_measured (R² = 0.7854). It was found that the values measured by the instrument gave a higher coefficient of determination which was chosen for the correction of the table. The correction of the table provides a value of M_predicted, that is a value of metabolic rate that corrects the values provided by the tables of ISO 8996 (2004), by means of a correction coefficient. For the welder's activities in a metal-mechanics industry, tabulated values can be multiplied by the correction coefficient 1.4648 in order to minimize inaccuracies. The PMV_predicted, obtained through the M_predicted, when related to the actual thermal sensation, provides a coefficient of determination of 0.7511, thereby improving the model of the PMV.     

A型地铁空调系统及客室内流场数值分析

为给目前国内A型地铁车辆的舒适度设计提供理论参考,针对地铁车辆静压风道结构特点,基于k-ε两方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,建立包含空调送风风道和客室的三维计算模型.对计算模型的空气流动和传热状况进行CFD数值计算.计算过程综合考虑车体壁面传热和人体散热等多种传热.分析计算结果得到客室内温度场和速度场的分布规律,并对空调通风设计方案进行量化评估.计算结果表明:客室内人体头部区域温度场分布均匀,平均温度为26.6℃,最大温差为6℃;车厢内有较理想的气流组织形式,速度分布范围为0.50~0.79 m/s,而且客室端部和中部区域人体头部周围速度较大.将计算结果与欧洲EN 14750-1标准进行对比分析,认为乘客的舒适性较好.     

不同腰位牛仔裤穿着舒适性评价

采用真人试穿和主观评价的方法,对9件不同腰位的牛仔裤进行着装实验评价并进行压力舒适性评价.发现所有牛仔裤在穿着的过程中都能满足人体舒适性的要求,其中腰上口位于髋骨上2cm,前中下降1.5cm是最舒适的腰位设计,为合体舒适牛仔裤设计提供技术基础.     

基于Adams／Car的汽车平顺性仿真研究

依据多体动力学理论,利用Adams的专业模块Adams／Car建立某型号汽车的整车样机模型,探索进行汽车仿真的途径,进行了直线加减速仿真,将仿真结果与试验结果进行了对比,并做了相应的分析．     

银川典型季节传统民居热环境测试研究

以具有代表性的银川郊区传统生土民居为研究对象,在冬季对该建筑进行了温湿度、太阳辐射强度、平均辐射温度以及室内热舒适度等热环境参数的测试.整理分析测试数据发现:银川市冬季寒冷,太阳辐射充足,传统生土民居建筑冬季室内温度较低,室内热舒适性较差,室内的高湿是造成低温的主要原因.针对银川传统生土民居室内热环境的现状,提出了改进建议.