最小跳数路由无线传感器网络中的节点距离测量

无线传感器网络中的间接距离测量是一种性价比极高的距离测量方法,但目前测量精度还有待进一步提高。根据最小跳数路由无线传感器网络的行为特征,提出了一种基于最小跳数路由及其路由重复数的节点距离测量算法,与DV-hop算法相比,借助路由重复数较大地提高了距离测量精度。理论分析及仿真结果表明,该算法在节点密集分布的无线传感器网络中具有很好的效果。     

基于密度拟合的区域航道挖掘方法

雷达目标跟踪主要利用从回波信号中得到的目标位置、速度等信息,所用的先验信息较少。由于地形、燃料等因素,空中/海面目标通常是会沿着一定航道进行运动,但这一信息通常难以作为先验信息提供给雷达观测,用以辅助雷达跟踪。因此本文提出基于航迹密集程度的区域航道挖掘方法,从航迹数据集提取航道,可为后续相同区域内的目标跟踪提供必要的辅助信息支持。本方法对航迹进行参数拟合,基于参数聚类找到航迹高密集区域并利用最小二乘提取航道;它在无任何先验知识的前提下,仅利用已有航迹数据就可实现对区域内航道快速、准确提取。基于实测数据,通过本方法与其他方法的实验对比,我们验证了本方法提取航迹的有效性和准确性。     

基于滑动窗口的直升机序列异常检测算法

无标签的序列在异常检测算法中往往存在着对数据的信息掌握不全面、不能合理使用的情况,而采用深度学习的技术实现检测时往往对其计算的解释性欠佳;对于攻克这些难题,以直升机飞行数据为例对时间序列的反常检测问题展开了深入研究,并利用Iforest技术和PCA算法,给出了一个采用滑动窗口的时间序列异常检测方法,利用从滑动窗口采集信息的时间变化状态等数据信息,将序列异常检测问题转换为点异常检测问题;同时以auc评分为衡量标准,从带有时刻特殊标志的多个信息集上检验了检测效率的提高;在无标签的直升机飞行数据集上进行实验,验证了算法的有效性,并通过对比检测过程中不同特征变量的变化情况,从算法层面和现实层面上阐述了算法的可解释性。     

贪心与回溯算法在城市马拉松路线规划中的实践

针对目前城市马拉松路线人工规划效率低下的问题, 本文采用贪心和回溯算法进行城市马拉松路线智能规划, 具体方法是: 通过城市路网信息构建由经纬度坐标点拓扑关系连接而成的路网, 采用贪心和回溯算法对坐标点进行遍历搜索, 结合城市马拉松路线特殊要求, 运用直接逼近、启发式远离、启发式靠近和方向预估等策略实现路线的智能规划. 在此基础上, 提出一种综合POI热度值、道路宽度适宜度、路线畅通指数、过弯舒适度以及POI密集度5个维度的马拉松路线评估方法. 最后, 开展了北京、合肥马拉松人工和智能规划路线对比分析, 结果表明所采用的方法可快速高效实现马拉松路线规划.     

改进PSO算法及在无人机路径规划中的应用

在无人机路径规划问题中,传统算法存在计算复杂与收敛慢等缺点,粒子群优化算法(PSO)得益于其算法原理简单、通用性强、搜索全面等特性,现多用于无人机航路规划.然而,常规PSO算法容易陷入局部最优,本文在优化调整自适应参数的基础上综合引入全局极值变异与加速度项,以平衡全局和局部搜索效率,避免种群陷入“早熟”.对基准测试函数进行测试的结果表明,本文所提改进PSO算法收敛速度更快,精度更高.在实例验证部分,首先提取飞行场景特征,结合无人机性能约束,进行环境建模;然后将多项运行约束和期望的最小化飞行时间均转化为罚函数,以最小化罚函数作为目标,构建无人机飞行任务场景下的航路规划模型,并利用本文所提改进粒子群算法进行求解,最后通过对比仿真验证了改进粒子群算法的高效性和实用性.     

关键词最优路径查询的分段拓展算法

关键词最优路径查询（KOR）查找在满足关键词全覆盖和路径长度约束条件下,时间开销最小的路线常用于旅行规划。现有优化算法虽然采用各种剪枝策略缩小搜索规模,但是本质上是广度优先搜索,在查找长路径时,搜索规模依然过大,执行时间长。针对该问题,提出一种关键词最优路径查询的分段拓展算法（SE-KOR）。SE-KOR算法根据关键词倒排索引表构建关键词顶点路径,将路径划分为多段分别拓展,降低搜索规模,从而缩短执行时间。该算法在路径拓展时给出路径走向,而现有剪枝策略不控制路径拓展方向,因此提出局部代价阈值剪枝,控制路径的走向沿关键词顶点路径拓展,并综合运用近似支配、可行解目标值剪枝和全局优先拓展策略加速拓展。实验结果表明,在不损失精度的情况下,该算法执行时间分别在不同关键词个数、代价阈值与查询图规模下至少缩短8.0%、61.0%和57.7%。     

Multidecadal Trends in Large-Scale Annual Mean SATa Based on CMIP5 Historical Simulations and Future Projections

Based on observations and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) results, multidecadal variations and trends in annual mean surface air temperature anomalies (SATa) at global, hemispheric, and hemispheric land and ocean scales in the past and under the future scenarios of two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) are analyzed. Fifteen models are selected based on their performances in capturing the temporal variability, long-term trend, multidecadal variations, and trends in global annual mean SATa. Observational data analysis shows that the multidecadal variations in annual mean SATa of the land and ocean in the northern hemisphere (NH) and of the ocean in the southern hemisphere (SH) are similar to those of the global mean, showing an increase during the 1900–1944 and 1971–2000 periods, and flattening or even cooling during the 1945–1970 and 2001–2013 periods. These observed characteristics are basically reproduced by the models. However, SATa over SH land show an increase during the 1945–1970 period, which differs from the other hemispheric scales, and this feature is not captured well by the models. For the recent hiatus period (2001–2013), the projected trends of BCC-CSM1-1-m, CMCC-CM, GFDL-ESM2M, and NorESM1-ME at the global and hemispheric scales are closest to the observations based on RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, suggesting that these four models have better projection capability in SATa. Because these four models are better at simulating and projecting the multidecadal trends of SATa, they are selected to analyze future SATa variations at the global and hemispheric scales during the 2006–2099 period. The selected multi-model ensemble (MME) projected trends in annual mean SATa for the globe, NH, and SH under RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) are 0.17 (0.29) °C, 0.22 (0.36) °C, and 0.11 (0.23) °C·decade⁻¹ in the 21st century, respectively. These values are significantly lower than the projections of CMIP5 MME without model selection.     

Materials for supercapacitors: When Li-ion battery power is not enough

Supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors, have witnessed a fast evolution in the recent years, but challenges remain. This review covers the fundamentals and state-of-the-art developments of supercapacitors. Conventional and novel electrode materials, including high surface area porous carbons for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and transition metal oxides, carbides, nitrides and their various nanocomposites for pseudocapacitors – are described. Latest characterization techniques help to better understand the charge storage mechanisms in such supercapacitors and recognize their current limitations, while recently proposed synthesis approaches enable various breakthroughs in this field.     

Active Sites Engineering toward Superior Carbon‐Based Oxygen Reduction Catalysts via Confinement Pyrolysis

Developing efficient and low‐cost defective carbon‐based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential to metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Active sites engineering toward these catalysts is highly desirable but challenging to realize boosted catalytic performance. Herein, a sandwich‐like confinement route to achieve the controllable regulation of active sites for carbon‐based catalysts is reported. In particular, three distinct catalysts including metal‐free N‐doped carbon (NC), single Co atoms dispersed NC (Co–N–C), and Co nanoparticles‐contained Co–N–C (Co/Co–N–C) are controllably realized and clearly identified by synchrotron radiation‐based X‐ray spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements suggest that the Co/Co–N–C catalyst delivers optimized ORR performance due to the rich Co–N_x active sites and their synergistic effect with metallic Co nanoparticles. This work provides deep insight for rationally designing efficient ORR catalyst based on active sites engineering.