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131.
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Senior managers can have a strong influence on organisational safety. But little is known about which of their personal attributes support their impact on safety. In this paper, we introduce the concept of ‘safety intelligence’ as related to senior managers' ability to develop and enact safety policies and explore possible characteristics related to it in two studies. Study 1 (N = 76) involved direct reports to chief executive officers (CEOs) of European air traffic management (ATM) organisations, who completed a short questionnaire asking about characteristics and behaviours that are ideal for a CEO's influence on safety. Study 2 involved senior ATM managers (N = 9) in various positions in interviews concerning their day-to-day work on safety. Both studies indicated six attributes of senior managers as relevant for their safety intelligence, particularly, social competence and safety knowledge, followed by motivation, problem-solving, personality and interpersonal leadership skills. These results have recently been applied in guidance for safety management practices in a White Paper published by EUROCONTROL. 相似文献
133.
Computational Problem Solving in Spatial Substrates -- A Cognitive Systems Engineering Approach 下载免费PDF全文
Christian Freksa 《International Journal of Software and Informatics》2015,9(2):279-288
The ability to perform spatial tasks is crucial for everyday life and of great importance to cognitive agents such as humans, animals, and autonomous robots. A common artificial intelligence approach to accomplish spatial tasks is to represent spatial configurations and tasks in form of detailed knowledge about various aspects of space and
time. Suitable algorithms then use the representations to compute solutions to spatial problems. In comparison, natural embodied and situated agents often solve spatial tasks without detailed knowledge about geometric, topological, or mechanical laws; they directly relate actions to effects that are due to spatio-temporal affordances in their bodies and environments. Accordingly, we propose a paradigm that makes the spatio-temporal
substrate an integral part of the engine that drives spatial problem solving. We argue that spatial and temporal structures in body and environment can substantially support (and even replace) reasoning effort in computational processes: physical manipulation and perception in spatial environments substitute formal computation. While the approach is well known – for example, we employ diagrams as spatial substrate for geometric problem solving and maps for wayfinding – the underlying principle has not been systematically investigated or formally analyzed as a paradigm of cognitive processing. Topology, distance, and orientation constraints are all integrated and interdependent in truly 2- or 3-dimensional space. Exploiting this fact may not only help overcome the need for acquiring detailed knowledge about the interrelationships between different aspects of space; it also can point to a way of avoiding exploding computational complexity that occurs when we deal with these aspects of space in complex real-world scenarios. Our approach employs affordance-based object-level problem solving to complement knowledge-level formal approaches. We will assess strengths and weaknesses of the new cognitive systems paradigm. 相似文献
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有毒化学品和有害废物对环境的污染及对人体健康的危害是中国环境保护面临的重大问题。本文概述了中国处理有毒化学品和有害废物的国家政策,化学工业有毒化学品和有害废物安全与控制的现状,并指出存在的问题及优先改进的领域。 相似文献
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由于存储空间异常引起的系统故障,系统开发或维护人员很难从失效特征直接判断到根原因。另外,存储空间异常通常会引起整个系统崩溃,对于安全关键系统,如航空电子系统,系统的失效往往会引起坠机或人员伤亡,因此,对安全关键系统的空间分析显得尤为重要。由于系统栈空间的分析涉及系统动态运行状态,在程序的任意点都有可能被中断服务程序或实时操作系统的其它任务中断。此外系统的栈分析需要基于目标码等特性,再次增加了对于系统栈空间分析的难度。本文从栈空间分析的必要性出发,提出一种综合中断抢占图的栈分析理论和方法,并就安全关键系统如何保证栈空间使用的确定性进行论述。最后,就安全关键软件系统FCOS的栈空间分析过程进行详细的阐述。 相似文献
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本文针对中压汽包法兰断裂失效原因进行分析,指出汽包上两个法兰同时断裂的原因在于安全阀排汽管路设计上的失误,并提出对安全阀排汽系统的改进措施。 相似文献
140.
应用基于模糊数学与常规可靠性理论相结合的模糊可靠性设计方法,讨论钢制薄壁内压容器模糊静强度在不同工况时,有关标准可接受的模糊可靠度范围;对钢制薄壁内压容器静强度的模糊可靠度范围与安全系数的关系进行研究。分析认为容器静强度在满足最小模糊可靠度要求的前提下,可取屈服安全系数ns≥1.55与抗拉安全系数nb≥1.95。 相似文献