西北省间实时平衡电力市场探索

新能源出力的波动性和随机性影响电网实时平衡.中国西北电网新能源占比高、平衡资源时空分布不均衡,分省市场实时平衡困难,为此,文中设计西北省间实时平衡电力市场,以发挥西北省间实时平衡能力,适应高比例新能源电网实时平衡需要.首先,结合国内外电力市场建设与西北实时平衡现状,分析了建立西北省间实时平衡市场的必要性;然后,说明了双边竞价的市场运作思路,提出了基于潮流的市场耦合方法的市场竞价出清模型,设计了市场运作流程;最后,讨论了西北省间实时平衡市场与其他市场之间的协调运作,通过模拟算例说明了西北省间实时平衡市场的作用.     

适应电力现货市场运营的省级电网安全校核实现方案

中国电网特性复杂、运行约束多,随着电力现货市场的建设,对安全校核计算的精确性提出了更高的要求.文中分析了安全校核的内容以及影响其精确性的因素,提出了针对电力市场运营的省级电网精细化安全校核方案,包括以下3个方面:在电网模型方面,提出了低电压等级电厂并网和联络线等值计算方法,分析并设计了停运设备复役操作和设备的未来态工况计算;在算法流程方面,梳理了现货市场优化出清和安全校核的关系,提出了市场出清、断面限额计算与安全校核混合迭代计算流程;在辅助信息方面,针对区域输电断面,基于设备与断面、断面与断面之间的关系提出了各区域断面和全网的备用计算方法.最后,通过中国某省级电网实际运行情况,证明所提方案可有效提升安全校核的准确性.     

双轨制下中长期交易电量放开规模测算方法

随着中长期交易电量规模持续扩大,交易结果不断挤压系统可调度空间,威胁着系统安全运行,且大量交易结果可能由于电网运行约束被削减,容易引发市场成员对市场公平性的质疑.因此,探究中国计划电量与市场电量"双轨制"下的中长期交易电量放开规模,既有助于明确电力市场的演变态势,又有利于实现电网运行安全和经济效率的统筹优化.文中提出了中长期交易电量放开规模测算方法,该方法兼顾市场化电量出清优化与电网运行安全,构建一个考虑市场经济效益和电网运行约束的双层优化模型.上层为以社会福利最大为目标的市场化电量优化出清模型,下层为考虑输电线路传输容量、系统供热需求、机组检修安排、电厂最小开机方式等电网运行约束的市场化电量校核模型.针对该双层优化模型,提出上下层迭代算法进行求解,并将市场化电量执行约束松弛化处理,以保证模型的可解性.中国某省级电网的实际算例分析验证了所提模型与算法的有效性和实用性.     

弱电网下基于锁相控制并网变换器小扰动同步稳定分析

该文对弱电网下基于锁相控制并网变换器的小扰动同步稳定问题进行研究。首先,以机理化揭示并网变换器同步特性为目标,通过将其和传统同步机的同步动态进行类比等效,建立适用于并网变换器同步稳定分析的类Heffron-Phillips动力学模型。进而借鉴传统电力系统低频振荡分析思路,采用复转矩系统法分析思想,将锁相环主导的同步振荡模式阻尼分为两部分:锁相环自身固有阻尼分量和弱电网下复杂控制耦合引入的附加阻尼分量,进而从阻尼特性的角度揭示弱电网下并网变换器同步稳定机理,并从影响固有或附加阻尼分量的角度,研究电网阻抗、控制器参数等因素对小扰动同步稳定性的影响。该文研究结果清晰揭示了弱电网下并网变换器同步失稳机理,并为后续同步稳定控制指明了思路。     

风电耦合制氢技术进展与发展前景

大规模开发利用风电等可再生能源已成为世界各国清洁低碳能源转型的共识,但因其存在随机波动性和间歇性强的缺点,在风电渗透率高的地区或孤网系统中的应用受到限制。风电耦合制氢技术可发挥氢能长周期大规模储能和多元化产品输出的优势,在未来风电开发利用过程中发挥重要作用。文中综述近二十年来风电耦合制氢技术的发展现状,对并网型和离网型风电耦合制氢技术的应用效果和经济性进行评价,并针对技术应用中存在的瓶颈问题,从系统优化设计、运行策略制定以及全寿命周期技术经济性评价等方面给出进一步发展方向建议。最后,根据我国资源禀赋和区域特点等提出适合我国不同地区风电耦合制氢技术的发展前景。     

基于模型特征的新型有限元网格划分方法研究

开孔构件的开孔形式各异,增加了其网格划分难度.另外,全六面体网格划分一直是有限元网格划分中的难点之一,实现开孔构件的全六面体网格划分具有重要的现实意义.文章基于开孔实体的参数化特征模型思想,提出了一种非自由边界分割有限元网格划分方法,可以针对开孔实体的几何特征和力学特征,对多种类型的开孔构件进行全六面体网格划分,生成的网格质量均匀、局部加密方便且疏密过渡合理.经实例应用表明,此种网格划分方法具有通用性强、简单、实用、高效等特点.     

A study on determining hardening curve for sheet metal

The hardening curve for sheet metal can be determined from the load–displacement curve of tensile specimen with rectangular cross-section. The previous researches, however, have paid little attention to its use in large deformation. Moreover, it varies with materials, deformation conditions and so on, and there are not enough hardening curves available in manuals. In order to study metal behavior, it is very important to establish a method to create a large strain hardening curve based on the normal mechanical test. In this paper, two new kinds of specimens are proposed, one is a multi-stepped specimen that can be traced to the three-stepped specimen, and the other is a tapered specimen which decreases the complexity of the multi-stepped specimen in manufacture. In this study, circle grids are imposed on the specimen surface to calculate true strains at different positions of the specimen. It is found that the load added to the different segments of specimen just before fracture can be determined by the maximum load and breaking load. True strains and corresponding true stresses can be determined after the specimen is pulled to fracture, so the hardening curve can be easily achieved. After a great deal of experiment, the results show that the tapered specimen has almost the same key parameters as the multi-stepped specimen, and the former is more easily used. Meanwhile, the work-hardening exponent (n) and the coefficient of normal anisotropy (r) can be obtained conveniently, and the forming limit line can also be approximately induced.     

Which symbol grounding problem should we try to solve?

Floridi and Taddeo propose a condition of ‘zero semantic commitment’ for solutions to the grounding problem, and a solution to it. I argue briefly that their condition cannot be fulfilled, not even by their own solution. After a look at Luc Steel's very different competing suggestion, I suggest that we need to re-think what the problem is and what role the ‘goals’ in a system play in formulating the problem. On the basis of a proper (syntactic) understanding of computing, I come to the conclusion that the only sensible grounding problem is how we can explain and re-produce the behavioural ability and function of meaning in artificial computational agents.