化妆品功效评价(Ⅴ)——舒缓功效宣称的科学支持

概述了敏感性皮肤的表现和形成机制,介绍了物理化学法、生物化学法、细胞生物学法、三维重组皮肤模型替代法、动物实验法、主观评价法、半主观评价法、客观仪器评价法等舒缓化妆品功效的评价方法,提供了舒缓功效评价的新思路,展望了舒缓化妆品功效评价方法的未来发展方向。     

严寒环境下的人体冷耐受特性实验

第24届冬季奥运会将于2022年2月在中国举行,主会场设在河北省崇礼地区。比赛期间,当地室外日平均气温大约为-17 ℃~-2 ℃。为有效提高户外观赛者热舒适感及观赛体验,把握户外观赛者人体冷耐受特性非常重要。为此,本研究利用北京地区某商业冷库的-14 ℃~-16 ℃人工环境条件,基于北京8名高校学生（4男,4女）开展了人体冷耐受实验,重点研究人体各部位的热反应特征、冷耐受极限时间、以及人体不可忍受时的生理极限阈值等问题。研究结果表明:受试者在-14 ℃~-16 ℃冷暴露环境、且服装热阻约为2.1 clo的实验条件下,手指、脚趾的皮肤温度下降速率最快、冷感最强烈,躯干及四肢部位的皮肤温度下降速率相对较慢、冷感相对较弱;手暴露与手插兜工况下,平均可持续停留时长分别为51、67 min,影响受试者热感觉以及持续停留时间长短的关键因素分别为手指与脚趾皮肤温度,生理极限阈值均值分别为11 ℃、16 ℃,且男女之间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。研究结果可为严寒环境下人体冷耐受特性及其改善人体热舒适性的局部供暖方法研究,提供基础数据参考。     

A simplified approach for negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge

A simplified approach was proposed to analyze the negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge. Based on the concentric cylinder shearing theory, considering the changes of pile shape（such as, taper angle and diameters of pile base, etc.）, the load-transfer of special-shaped pile was built. The accuracy of the developed simplified approach was verified by numerical simulation model with the same condition. Then, the influence factors, such as, taper angles, the diameter of pile base, surcharge, and pile-soil interface parameters were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the developed simplified approach can calculate NSF of special-shaped pile under surcharge effectively. A limited parametric study indicates that in many practical situations special-shaped piles（such as belled wedge pile shown in this work） offer a design option that is more economical than traditional uniform cross-section piles.     

TC4钛合金表面氧化皮去除

针对TC4钛合金在热成形过程中其表面易形成一层致密的氧化皮且氧化皮的表面形貌和厚度均受温度影响这一现象,采用先热碱洗后酸洗的工艺过程对TC4钛合金在不同温度下氧化后的氧化皮去除工艺进行了研究.采用光学显微镜对氧化皮形貌进行表征,研究了时间对去除氧化皮的影响,且通过国际上较先进的美国LECO公司RH-404定氢仪对去除氧化皮后钛合金的氢质量分数进行了测定.结果表明,通过采用先热碱洗后酸洗的过程,TC4钛合金表面的氧化皮可以完全被去除.此外,通过RH-404定氢仪测得合金中氢质量分数的变化不大.     

基于肤色的图像人数统计识别算法

提出一种YCbCr色彩空间中基于肤色的人数统计识别算法。通过计算所得阈值区分开肤色与非肤色区域,得出二值图像。对二值图像进行形态学处理,并根据人体生物特征进行筛选,选取目标区域,对连通区域进行统计。仿真结果表明,该算法能够准确地统计出图像的人数,且运算速度快,具有较好的实时性。     

飞机蒙皮表面缺陷特征提取算法

基于内距均值法提出了一种特征提取方法,提高了检测铆钉中心与半径的准确度,并能够判断腐蚀方向,可有效辅助实现蒙皮缺陷的检测识别。     

蛋白质的生物合成与模板聚合

本文联系生物体内蛋白质的生物合成、脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)遗传信息的存贮和复制,阐明了化学模板聚合的研究近况。从某种意义上说,遗传工程和蛋白质工程是化学模板聚合向高层次的生物模板聚合过渡的一个中间阶段,遗传工程的发展将使制革业得到质量优良的原皮,而另一方面,蛋白质工程的高度发展,将使皮革行业失去原皮.不过,这时可能成功地人工培育出胶原纤维组织,从而出现一种真正的“仿生革”.     

电致孔经皮给药：表面活性剂对孔道存在时间和药物传输的影响

Electroporation creates aqueous pathways by short high-voltage pulses resulting in a transient perme- abilization of stratum corneum and an increase in the transdermal delivery rate.However the aqueous pathways will reseal after pulsing,which leads to the rapid drop of transdermal flux.In the present study,the surfactants were added to the donor solution to hinder the shrinkage and resealing of the electropore,and to prolong the lifetime of the aqueous pathways with the consideration that the surfactants could reduce the surface energy of the electropore. These effects of surfactants were demonstrated by the dynamic electrical resistance of the skin and the fluorescent imaging of the local transport regions.Piroxicam（PIX）was transported percutaneously in the presence of surfactants in vitro.Owing to the longer lifetime of aqueous pathways,together with the promotion of PIX availability at the barrier exterior and the improvement in the partition of PIX into the aqueous pathways,the presence of surfactants led to a remarkable increase in the transdermal delivery rate during electroporation and a significant growth of the accumulative transdermal amount of PIX.     

A lattice Boltzmann simulation of mass transport through composite membranes

Composite membranes with a porous support layer and a dense skin layer have been extensively used in gas separation processes. A new approach, a mesoscale Lattice Boltzmann Simulation approach, is proposed and used to model the pore‐scale gas flow and mass transfer in the inhomogeneous membrane matrixes studied. Only physical forces are considered. Chemical forces are equivalently converted to physical forces through the relaxation time. Selective permeation of moisture through a composite membrane is modeled. The overall permeability is evaluated. It is found that mass transfer inhomogeneity exists not only in the porous media but also in the seemingly uniform dense skin layer. Increasing the diffusivity in the skin layer is more effective than decreasing the skin layer thickness in optimizing the overall membrane performance. The new approach gives more detailed insights into the directions for future design of composite membranes for gas separations like air dehumidification. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3925–3938, 2014     

Usefulness of Photodynamic Therapy as a Possible Therapeutic Alternative in the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in individuals with fair skin type (I–II) and steadily increasing in incidence (70% of skin malignancy). It is locally invasive but metastasis is usually very rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.0028%–0.55%. Conventional therapy is surgery, especially for the H region of the face and infiltrative lesions; in case of inoperable tumors, radiotherapy is a valid option. Recently, topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become an effective treatment in the management of superficial and small nodular BCC. PDT is a minimally invasive procedure that involves the administration of a photo-sensibilizing agent followed by irradiation at a pre-defined wavelength; this determines the creation of reactive oxygen species that specifically destroy target cells. The only major side effect is pain, reported by some patients during the irradiation. The high cure rate and excellent cosmetic outcome requires considering this possibility for the management of patients with both sporadic and hereditary BCC. In this article, an extensive review of the recent literature was made, in order to clarify the role of PDT as a possible alternative therapeutic option in the treatment of BCC.