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31.
Sheng-lian LUO Lin YUAN Li-yuan CHAI Xiao-bo MIN Yun-yan WANG Yan FANG Pu WANG 《中国有色金属学会会刊》2006,16(6):1431-1435
Biosorption of heavy metal ions, such as Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, was carried out using waste activated sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant as adsorption material, and the effects of parameters, such as pH value, temperature, reaction time and sorption duration, were studied in detail. The results indicate that the removal rates of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ with low concentration are 96.47%, 80% and 90%, respectively, adsorbed by waste activated sludge. Little effect of dosage of activated sludge on the adsorption of Cu2+ and more effects on the adsorption of Zn2+ and Cd2+ are observed. Little effect of temperature is observed, while pH value and adsorption time exert important influence on the sorption process. The adsorption behaviors of heavy metal ions all have parabolic relationships with pH value. The optimum pH value is between 6 and 10, and the optimum adsorption time is 1 h. In single heavy metal ion system, the sorption processes of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ are in accordance with Freundlich model, which indicates that it is suitable for the treatment of these three heavy metal ions using intermittent operation. In addition, the sorption capacity of the sludge for Cu2+ is preferential to the other two ions. 相似文献
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Although some of the important consequences of flow-induced entanglement loss in entangled polymer rheology have recently been recognized, this specific molecular mechanism has rarely been investigated quantitatively based on experiments or molecular theories. For the first time, the amount of entanglement loss of a short entangled linear polymer (i.e., seven entanglements per chain at equilibrium) during fast-flow deformation is directly tracked in the stochastic simulation of an existing reptation model. The primary finding is that significant entanglement loss is observed in both fast elongation and fast shearing, and, contrary to some earlier conjectures, is particularly pronounced in elongational flow when polymer chain stretching formally commences. Furthermore, according to the current simulation in which three different CCR (Convective Constraint Release) schemes are considered, entanglement loss appears to have very prominent effects on the elongational rheology of an entangled linear polymer – an observation that had rarely been recognized or considered before. On the other hand, the currently explored features of flow-induced entanglement loss are tentatively linked to a wide variety of peculiar empirical properties of temporarily entangled polymer liquids. In particular, we are thus able to provide a consistent molecular explanation of the fairly well-known phenomenological effects of polydispersity and long-chain branching leading to a pronounced strain-hardening phenomenon, in view of two newly proposed effects of heterogeneous relaxations in preventing, directly or indirectly, fast entanglement loss during flows. 相似文献
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Extraction of Lipids from Municipal Wastewater Plant Microorganisms for Production of Biodiesel 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stephen Dufreche R. Hernandez T. French D. Sparks M. Zappi E. Alley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(2):181-187
Municipal wastewater treatment plants in the USA produce over 6.2 × 106 t of dried sewage sludge every year. This microorganism-rich sludge is often landfilled or used as fertilizer. Recent restrictions
on the use of sewage sludge, however, have resulted in increased disposal problems. Extraction of lipids from sludge yields
an untapped source of cheap feedstock for biodiesel production. Solvents used for extraction in this study include n-hexane, methanol, acetone, and supercritical CO2. The gravimetric yield of oil was low for nonpolar solvents, but use of polar solvents gave a considerably increased yield;
however, the percentage of saponifiable material was less. Extraction of lipids with a mixture of n-hexane, methanol, and acetone gave the largest conversion to biodiesel compared with other solvent systems, 4.41% based on
total dry weight of sludge. In situ transesterification of dried sludge resulted in a yield of 6.23%. If a 10% dry weight
yield of fatty acid methyl esters is assumed, the amount of biodiesel available for production in the USA is 1.4 × 106 m3/year. Outfitting 50% of municipal wastewater plants for lipid extraction and transesterification could result in enough biodiesel
production to replace 0.5% of the national petroleum diesel demand (0.7 × 106 m3). 相似文献
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以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料制备了一种新型碳质催化剂。通过试验考察了催化剂在NH3选择催化还原NO中的应用效果。结果表明,催化性能较好,最佳的制备和催化反应条件为:锌铁物质的量比1∶0.5,热解温度750 ℃,反应温度400 ℃,O2浓度15%。在此条件下,NOx的最大转化率达98.3%。通过考察证明催化剂自身具有一定的还原性能。对催化剂进行了FTIR、TG、SEM和BET分析,结果表明,催化剂具有很丰富的孔结构、活性粒子和表面官能团,比表面积较大,最大可达307 m2·g-1,分析结果显示具有良好的催化条件。 相似文献
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Bioconversion of sludge from the primary clarifier of a sulphite pulping operation to ethanol offers a number of advantages over conventional disposal options. The amount of material which must be disposed of is reduced while, at the same time, salable and environmentally friendly fuel-ethanol is produced. In this study, primary clarifier sludge (PCS) was shown to be hydrolysed to produce fermentable sugars at a rate proportional to enzyme loading. Initial (1 hour) hydrolysis rates as high as 12.6 g reducing sugar/L · h were observed at an initial enzyme loading of 10 filter paper units (FPU)/g. Hydrolysis was inhibited by spent sulphite liquor (SSL), an inhibition which could be completely overcome by fermenting the SSL to remove sugars. Surfactants were found to only marginally improve the production of sugars. To reduce the deleterious effects of end product inhibition, single stage simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) was carried out using cellulase enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 相似文献
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利用非仿射网络结构本构模型分析了正弦脉动流场中振动参数对聚合物熔体黏性的影响作用,并从缠结密度的概念上来解释其影响规律。 相似文献
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