Hierarchical correlated Q-learning for multi-layer optimal generation command dispatch

This paper presents a novel hierarchical correlated Q-learning (HCEQ) algorithm to solve the dynamic optimization of generation command dispatch (GCD) in the Automatic Generation Control (AGC). The GCD problem is to dynamically allocate the total AGC generation command from the central to each individual AGC generator. The proposed HCEQ is a novel multi-agent Q-learning algorithm based on the concept of correlated equilibrium point, and each AGC generator with an agent is to optimize its regulation participation factor and coordinate its decision with others for the overall GCD performance enhancement. In order to cope with the curse of dimensionality in the GCD problem with the increased number of AGC plants involved, a multi-layer optimum GCD framework is developed in this paper. In this hierarchical framework, the multiobjective design and a time-varying coordination factor have been formulated into the reward functions to improve the optimization efficiency and convergence of HCEQ. The application of the proposed approach has been fully verified on the China southern power grid (CSG) model to demonstrate its superior performance and dynamic optimization capability in various power system scenarios.     

Open Augmented Reality Standards： Current Activities in Standards- Development Organizations

Augmented reality (AR) has emerged from research laboratories and is now being accepted in other domains as an attractive way of visualizing information.Before AR can be used in the mass market,there are a number of obstacles that need to be overcome.Several of these can be overcome by adopting open standards.A global grassroots community seeking open,interoperable AR content and experiences began to take shape in early 2010.This community is working collaboratively to reduce the barriers to the flow of data from content provider to AR end user.Standards development organizations and industry groups that provide open interfaces for AR meet regularly to provide updates,identify complementary work,and seek harmonization.The community also identifies deployer and implementer needs,communicates requirements,and discusses emerging challenges that could be resolved with standards.In this article,we describe current activities in international standards-development organizations.We summarize the AR standards gap analysis and shed light on special considerations for using standards in mobile AR.     

上海世博园区透水路面排水侧石施工及验收

针对上海世博园区透水路面的设计和应用,研发了一种新型排水侧石。道路排水侧石由平石、立石、基础构成,从平石和立石的尺寸及允许偏差要求、强度和外观质量等角度介绍了排水侧石施工和验收的具体标准。介绍了基础与立石的施工顺序,详细交待了施工放样、养护及与雨水井的衔接要点,从检查、清理、坞膀和灌缝等方面介绍了平石的安装要点。最后给出了排水侧石质量验收标准。     

谈城市支路规划与实施

对城市支路的定义、技术标准和功能进行了系统梳理和研究,并以长沙为例,总结了城市支路规划及现状支路系统存在的主要问题,提出了支路规划与实施方面的应对策略,以完善城市路网结构。     

气候变化相关标准对我国的影响

本文针对目前国际标准化组织和一些发达国家陆续出台的一系列气候变化相关标准,分析其对我国产业发展带来的影响以及我国在应用这些标准上存在的技术瓶颈。     

The role of experience curves for setting MEPS for appliances

Minimum efficiency performance standards (MEPS) are an important policy instrument to raise the efficiency of products. In most schemes the concept of life cycle costs (LCC) is used to guide setting the MEPS levels. Although a large body of literature shows that product cost is decreasing with increasing cumulative production, the experience curve, this is currently not used for setting MEPS. This article shows how to integrate the concept of the experience curve into LCC calculations for setting MEPS in the European Union and applies this to household laundry driers, refrigerator-freezers and televisions. The results indicate that for driers and refrigerator-freezers at least twice the energy savings compared to the current approach can be achieved. These products also show that energy label classes can successfully be used for setting MEPS. For televisions an experience curve is provided, showing a learning rate of 29%. However, television prices do not show a relation with energy efficiency but are to a large extent determined by the time the product is placed on the market. This suggests to policy makers that for televisions and other products with a short (re)design and market cycle timing is more important than the MEPS levels itself.     

还城市以“呼吸”——基于中国城市生态品质现状的再思考

文章从中国当前的城市矛盾切入,简述快速城市化导致的城市生态环境问题,由此引出本文的核心论点:用以往几何式的"单一指标"考量城市生态建设是否真实合理?应当如何做出调整,重新寻找中国生态城市的出路,提出不同于传统意义上对于城市生态品质的衡量体系和评价标准。     

对工程造价专业会计学课程教学的一点思考

会计学课程是工程造价专业的重要专业基础课,会计教学不可能脱离会计准则,脱离人才培养方案,现阶段全国的工程造价管理行业"复合型"人才稀缺。课堂教学在培养学生学习能力的同时应向学生传授系统的知识,不能增加学生再学习的成本。     

新建筑施工安全检查标准剖析

本文是在对新旧安全标准的对比之上进一步得地说明为何要选择新的检查标准,其优点和特殊的优势又在哪里,对如何能做到更进一步地确保生产过程中的安全问题进行了一个简要的探析。