Effect of substituents of twisted benzodiperylenediimides on non-fullerene solar cells

Twisted benzodiperylenediimides (TBDPDI) with large rigid conjugated core and strong absorption is regarded as an excellent acceptor in non-fullerene solar cells. Since side chains of semiconductors play a crucial role in the solar cells, TBDPDI acceptors with different side chains (1-ethylpropyl, C5; 2-ethylhexyl, C8; 1-pentylhexyl, C11; 2-octyldodecyl, C20; 1-undecyldodecyl, C23) were synthesized. In solution, TBDPDI compounds (C5, C11, and C23) with alkyl chains branched at 1-position show significantly different absorption profiles and fluorescence intensity with those (C8 and C20) branched at 2-position, due to stronger aggregation of the latter. Nevertheless, alkyl chains have little effect on the molecular orbital energy levels and optical band gaps, as verified by cyclic voltammetry and solid state absorption. Due to their complementary absorption and matchable energy levels with donor of PCE10, these acceptors and PCE10 were used together to fabricate bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Because of inferior phase separation with large domain size around 100 nm and bulky insulated side chains, acceptors (C20 and C23) with long alkyl chains have the low electron mobility (μ_e) around 10⁻⁸ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and the low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. TBDPDI (C11) with 1-pentylhexyl gives the highest PCE of 5.0% under the optimized condition, which is attributed to proper phase separation with domain size around 20 nm and highest μ_e of 10⁻⁶ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.     

Design of High‐Mobility Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based π‐Conjugated Copolymers for Organic Thin‐Film Transistors

Since the report of the first diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based polymer semiconductor, such polymers have received considerable attention as a promising candidate for high‐performance polymer semiconductors in organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This Progress Report summarizes the advances in the molecular design of high‐mobility DPP‐based polymers reported in the last few years, especially focusing on the molecular design of these polymers in respect of tuning the backbone and side chains, and discussing the influences of structural modification of the backbone and side chains on the properties and device performance of corresponding DPP‐based polymers. This provides insights for the development of new and high‐mobility polymer semiconductors.     

基于跨度和虚拟层的三维芯核测试外壳扫描链优化方法

为减少三维芯核绑定前和绑定后的测试时间,降低测试成本,提出了基于跨度和虚拟层的三维芯核测试外壳扫描链优化方法.所提方法首先通过最大化每条测试外壳扫描链的跨度,使得绑定前高层电路和低层电路的测试外壳扫描链数量尽可能相等.然后,在TSVs(Through Silicon Vias)数量的约束下,逐层的将虚拟层中的扫描元素分配到测试外壳扫描链中,以平衡绑定前后各条测试外壳扫描链的长度.实验结果表明,所提方法有效地减少了三维芯核绑定前后测试的总时间和硬件开销.     

A channel reservation and preemption model using overlapping regions in sector‐based cellular networks

This paper presents a channel reservation and preemption (CRP) model using overlapping regions in a cellular network with multiple sectors. To fully exploit and reuse the frequencies, directional antennas are installed on base stations (BSs) to divide the coverage into a number of equal‐sized sectors. When traffic is unevenly distributed across the sectors in a BS, channel utilization in every sector may become very different; low‐traffic sectors may be underutilized while high‐traffic sectors may be overutilized. A CRP scheme is thus proposed to more efficiently utilize free channels among sectors. CRP aims at reducing the dropping probabilities of handoff calls. Specifically, when free channels in a sector are not available, a handoff call, instead of being dropped, is allowed to preempt an ongoing call residing in the overlapping region of two adjacent sectors or two neighbor cells. Under CRP, the preempted ongoing call will not be disconnected, because it can switch over its service to the BS of a neighbor cell or to another directional antenna of an adjacent sector. For the purpose of evaluation, we build an analytical model for the proposed CRP using six‐tuple Markov chains. Analytical results show that the proposed CRP can significantly reduce the dropping probabilities of inter‐sector handoff calls, particularly when traffic between two sectors is not evenly distributed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subunit‐Specific Labeling of Ubiquitin Chains by Using Sortase: Insights into the Selectivity of Deubiquitinases

Information embedded in different ubiquitin chains is transduced by proteins with ubiquitin‐binding domains (UBDs) and erased by a set of hydrolytic enzymes referred to as deubiquitinases (DUBs). Understanding the selectivity of UBDs and DUBs is necessary for decoding the functions of different ubiquitin chains. Critical to these efforts is the access to chemically defined ubiquitin chains bearing site‐specific fluorescent labels. One approach toward constructing such molecules involves peptide ligation by sortase (SrtA), a bacterial transpeptidase responsible for covalently attaching cell surface proteins to the cell wall. Here, we demonstrate the utility of SrtA in modifying individual subunits of ubiquitin chains. Using ubiquitin derivatives in which an N‐terminal glycine is unveiled after protease‐mediated digestion, we synthesized ubiquitin dimers, trimers, and tetramers with different isopeptide linkages. SrtA was then used in combination with fluorescent depsipeptide substrates to effect the modification of each subunit in a chain. By constructing branched ubiquitin chains with individual subunits tagged with a fluorophore, we provide evidence that the ubiquitin‐specific protease USP15 prefers ubiquitin trimers but has little preference for a particular isopeptide linkage. Our results emphasize the importance of subunit‐specific labeling of ubiquitin chains when studying how DUBs process these chains.     

两层两环空间耦合链机构自由度分析原理

自由度分析是机构构型综合、运动学和动力学研究的基础。过去的几十年,国内外学者主要对空间并联机构自由度分析开展了研究。研究比空间并联机构更加复杂的两层两环空间耦合链机构的自由度分析原理。通过推导两层两环空间耦合链机构的运动螺旋方程,建立耦合链带来的耦合关系的数学模型。基于运动螺旋方程,建立空间耦合机构中刚性子结构的判别方法和自由度分析原理。利用两层两环空间耦合链机构的等效子并联机构的分支运动螺旋系线性组合的特点可以实现自由度性质分析。两个典型的例子被用来说明提出方法的有效性。     

基于刀具位姿的多轴数控机床运动链构建

现有数控机床(CNC)运动链构建方法多只适用于二、三轴等简单数控机床,且缺乏高效的理论分析基础和工具,针对此问题,文中选用几何分析方法,通过分析刀具在工件表面上的运动轨迹,并结合刀轴矢量规划方法,有效地解析了刀具的位姿关系;通过齐次坐标变换,有效地将数控机床运动链在工件和刀具之间的运动传递功能函数化;构建并求解刀具位姿矩阵方程组,获得一种适用于含有复杂曲面且多轴的数控机床运动链的构建方法。     

随机环境中马氏链的分解定理

假定{Zn,n≥1}是定义在环境中具有有限或可列的马氏链.文中利用马氏链和饶积马氏链的方法研究了随机环境中马氏链中的相遇关系,获得了随机环境中马氏链的分解定理.这些结果对进一步研究随机环境中的马氏链是有意义的.     

鞅差序列收敛定理的一个推广及应用

通过引用一个一元泛函,推广了Kronecker引理,由此得到了鞅差序列的一个强极限定理,推广了经典的鞅差序列收敛定理,同时应用到一个二元泛函的强大数定律中。