超滤-纳滤组合工艺对东太湖原水的处理效果

随着工业化进程的不断加快,东太湖水质日趋恶化,给常规处理增加了很大的处理难度。针对水源污染问题和给水深度处理的需要,开展了超滤-纳滤双膜组合工艺处理东太湖原水的中试研究,考察双膜工艺对出水水质的提升效果。结果表明,超滤-纳滤双膜工艺对水质常规指标具有较好的去除效果,CODMn和TOC的去除率分别为91.7%和90%;对荧光类物质的去除主要表现在对芳香族蛋白质、类富里酸物质、溶解性微生物代谢产物的去除;此外,双膜组合工艺对小分子二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)的去除率分别为70%和77%,表明该工艺对水中主要致嗅物质具有良好的去除能力。     

文人画对陶瓷绘画创作的影响

陶瓷绘画最早可以追溯到彩陶时期,陶瓷与绘画相互交融发展。至今,文人画的审美精神和文化内涵一直影响着当代陶瓷绘画,在画面的表现形式和内在精神上都极具中国传统文化的艺术精神。     

绿茶饮料的低温萃取工艺研究及冷后浑控制

研究低温萃取工艺对绿茶主要呈味物质浸出率的影响,并通过T640和A420指标评析茶汤的色泽和浑浊度。结果显示：低温浸提条件下得到的绿茶茶汤主要生化成分的浸出量适宜,同时低温萃取法得到的茶汤色泽佳。采用低温萃取工艺是优质茶饮料生产的有效浸提方法之一。通过正交试验分析,绿茶低温萃取的最佳工艺条件为浸提温度20℃、浸提时间3h、茶水比1:50。     

鸡肉酶解过程中呈味成分变化规律研究(英文)

本文研究了Alcalase水解鸡肉过程中其呈味成分变化规律。在整个酶解过程中,游离氨基酸和可溶性氮含量一直以不同趋势增加,而肽含量则在前16h增加,然后缓慢降低。鲜/甜味、苦味氨基酸的组成与含量对鸡肉酶解产物的最终风味有很大的影响。酶解产物中的糖在酶解2h后达到最大值,然后总体上表现为下降趋势。由于酶解产物中糖量较低,其对酶解产物的风味影响不大,但其对产物颜色有重要影响。酶解中,pH在前20min内显著下降,然后减势变缓直到几乎保持恒定,这表明酶解产物的缓冲能力明显增强。     

Sweet taste receptor expression in ruminant intestine and its activation by artificial sweeteners to regulate glucose absorption

Absorption of glucose from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes is accomplished by sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1). In the majority of mammalian species, expression (this includes activity) of SGLT1 is upregulated in response to increased dietary monosaccharides. This regulatory pathway is initiated by sensing of luminal sugar by the gut-expressed sweet taste receptor. The objectives of our studies were to determine (1) if the ruminant intestine expresses the sweet taste receptor, which consists of two subunits [taste 1 receptor 2 (T1R2) and 3 (T1R3)], and other key signaling molecules required for SGLT1 upregulation in nonruminant intestines, and (2) whether T1R2-T1R3 sensing of artificial sweeteners induces release of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and enhances SGLT1 expression. We found that the small intestine of sheep and cattle express T1R2, T1R3, G-protein gustducin, and GLP-2 in enteroendocrine L-cells. Maintaining 110-d-old ruminating calves for 60 d on a diet containing a starter concentrate and the artificial sweetener Sucram (consisting of saccharin and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone; Pancosma SA, Geneva, Switzerland) enhances (1) Na⁺-dependent d-glucose uptake by over 3-fold, (2) villus height and crypt depth by 1.4- and 1.2-fold, and (3) maltase- and alkaline phosphatase-specific activity by 1.5-fold compared to calves maintained on the same diet without Sucram. No statistically significant differences were observed for rates of intestinal glucose uptake, villus height, crypt depth, or enzyme activities between 50-d-old milk-fed calves and calves maintained on the same diet containing Sucram. When adult cows were kept on a diet containing 80:20 ryegrass hay-to-concentrate supplemented with Sucram, more than a 7-fold increase in SGLT1 protein abundance was noted. Collectively, the data indicate that inclusion of this artificial sweetener enhances SGLT1 expression and mucosal growth in ruminant animals. Exposure of ruminant sheep intestinal segments to saccharin or neohesperidin dihydrochalcone evokes secretion of GLP-2, the gut hormone known to enhance intestinal glucose absorption and mucosal growth. Artificial sweeteners, such as Sucram, at small concentrations are potent activators of T1R2-T1R3 (600-fold > glucose). This, combined with oral bioavailability of T1R2-T1R3 and the understanding that artificial sweetener-induced receptor activation evokes GLP-2 release (thus leading to increased SGLT1 expression and mucosal growth), make this receptor a suitable target for dietary manipulation.     

Modifying Bitterness in Functional Food Systems

The functional foods sector represents a significant and growing portion of the food industry, yet formulation of these products often involves the use of ingredients that elicit less than desirable oral sensations, including bitterness. Promising new functional ingredients, including polyphenolics, may be more widely and readily employed in the creation of novel functional foods if their aversive bitter taste can be significantly reduced. A number of approaches are used by the industry to improve the taste properties and thus the acceptance of conventional foods that elicit excessive bitterness. This article reviews the most commonly employed techniques, including the use of bitter-modifying additives, which may prove useful for successfully introducing new functional ingredients into this rapidly growing sector.     

Potential effects of umami ingredients on human health: Pros and cons

Abstract

Umami taste is the most recent confirmed basic taste in addition to sour, sweet, bitter, and salty. It has been controversial because of its effects on human nutritional benefit. Based on the available literatures, this review categorized 13 positive and negative effects of umami taste on human health. On the positive side, umami taste can improve food flavor and consumption, improve nutrition intake of the elderly and patients, protect against duodenal cancer, reduce ingestion of sodium chloride, decrease consumption of fat, and improve oral functions. On the other hand, umami taste can also induce hepatotoxicity, cause asthma, induce migraine headaches, damage the nervous system, and promote obesity. Due to its novelty, there are many functions and effects of umami taste waiting to be discovered. With further investigation, more information regarding the effects of umami taste on human health will be discerned.     

再论白酒的风味物质

白酒风味物质由两部分物成，一类是口感物质，即味觉物质；另一类是芳香物质，也叫香气物质。结合以往的研究成果，从食品生物化学的角度对白酒风味进行探讨。     

不同产地无糖绿茶饮料滋味特征差异分析

对市售不同产地无糖绿茶饮料滋味品质及其化学成分进行分析比较,以期明确无糖绿茶饮料中的主要滋味物质,探究不同产地绿茶饮料间滋味特征的差异性。结果表明,不同产地绿茶饮料的滋味因子和色差差异不明显,其中日本绿茶饮料的整体滋味品质较优。日本和中国台湾绿茶饮料中茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮、可溶性糖质量浓度和儿茶素总量、黄酮苷总量、阳离子总量都明显高于中国大陆绿茶饮料。有13 种化学组分与感官评分相关性较高,其中茶多酚（0.910）、黄酮（0.917）、Mn2＋（0.912）质量浓度与绿茶饮料滋味浓度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;咖啡碱（0.830）质量浓度与绿茶饮料滋味苦度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;牡荆素-2’’-O-鼠李糖苷（Vit-rha）（0.862）、Al3＋（0.811）质量浓度与绿茶饮料滋味涩度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。滋味贡献度（dove-over-threshold,Dot）分析发现黄酮及其苷元对无糖绿茶饮料涩味起主要贡献,包括槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷（Que-rut）、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、杨梅素-3-O-半乳糖苷、Vit-rha,其中Que-rut的Dot值最高;咖啡碱对无糖绿茶饮料苦味起主要贡献。     

不同分子量分布的美拉德产物的呈味特性及抗氧化抗菌活性研究

通过超滤及葡聚糖凝胶色谱技术结合将美拉德产物按分子量大小分级成三个组分,即小于1000u、1000～5000u和大于5000u,并评价其在清汤中的风味特性、清除DPPH自由基的能力及对金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑制活性。结果显示,1000～5000u的美拉德产物增强风味的效果最显著,其次是小于1000u的产物,这两种产物对DPPH自由基清除率分别达80%和72%,对四种菌的最低抑制浓度达25～75mg/mL。大于5000u的美拉德产物在较低浓度下清除率达90%,对四种菌的最低抑制浓度为6.25～25mg/mL,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最强,最低抑制浓度达6.25mg/mL。