Eating in the dark: A dissociation between perceived and actual food consumption

Objective: According to folk intuition “Eye appeal is half the meal,” raising the question how the absence of vision or ‘visual flavor’ affects food perception, willingness to buy, and food intake. Method: In the present experiment, ninety students were assigned to either a blindfolded or a non-blindfolded condition and completed a bogus ice cream taste test. Taste perceptions and purchase willingness were assessed during tasting, and actual and perceived intake, afterward. Results: Blindfolded participants rated the ice cream lower on hedonic but higher on ambiguity taste attributes. Although eating without vision led to a lower purchase willingness and a 9% decrease in the actual intake, blindfolded participants overestimated their intake by 88% while non-blindfolded overestimated their intake only by 35%. Conclusions: Thus, depriving participants of visual input dissociated perceived intake from actual intake. Shifting attention toward interoceptive cues of eating may provide unobtrusive and naturalistic means to change eating experiences.     

电子舌对不同类型酒味觉的辨识研究

为了研究电子舌对不同类型酒的识别能力。 将所有样品按照酒∶水=1∶2（V/V）进行稀释后,采用TS-5000Z味觉分析系统进行 检测,再对传感器信号进行主成分分析（PCA）、雷达图分析和稳定性分析。结果表明,主成分1（PC1）为苦味,贡献率为91.5%;主成分2（PC2）为酸味,贡献率为5.8%。 1#和4#样品味觉相近,分为一类;2#、3#和5#样品味觉相近,分为一类;6#、7#样品与其他样品的味觉都不 一样,各自单独分为一类。 2#样品酸味最强,涩味最弱;7#样品酸味最弱、涩味最强、苦味最强;4#样品苦味最弱。 可见电子舌能有效区 分不同类型酒的味感差别。     

The Associations Between Oral Complex Carbohydrate Sensitivity,BMI, Liking,and Consumption of Complex Carbohydrate Based Foods

Recent work suggests that humans may perceive complex carbohydrates and that their sensitivity to simple carbohydrates (i.e., glucose and sucrose) is independent from tasting complex carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to confirm whether humans could sense complex carbohydrates from a range of concentration levels; and if their oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrate relates to their BMI, liking, and consumption of complex carbohydrate‐based foods using a large sample group of adults. Participants’ (n = 92 females, age 23.7 ± 0.5 yr [range, 19 to 47 yr]) oral sensitivity towards complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin) and sweet taste function (glucose) was assessed by measuring detection threshold and suprathreshold intensity perception (gLMS). Participants were asked to complete an online version of a Food Frequency Questionnaire and a Likes and Dislikes Questionnaire. Hedonic ratings for complex carbohydrate and sweet solutions, as well as for a range of complex carbohydrate and sweet prototypical foods, were also measured. Consistent with previous findings, there was large interindividual variation in detection and intensity measures for maltodextrin and glucose. No significant associations were found between oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity, Body Mass Index (BMI), and frequency of consumption of complex carbohydrate‐based foods measured. Similarly, no differences were observed between liking of complex carbohydrates, BMI, and food intake. All in, these results from a large sample group further support the proposition that complex carbohydrates are not invisible to the human palate, and can be sensed in the oral cavity even at low concentration levels.     

不同品种大米口感品质分析

以不同品种大米为研究对象,采用模糊感官评价结合质构仪分析及电子舌技术,对大米米饭口感品质 进行比较分析,建立一种米饭口感品质评价的方法。结果表明：模糊感官评价和质构特性分析中大粒香米饭口 感最佳,内优5H25米饭口感最差,大粒香、大粒溪香、金麻粘3 种米饭感官评分较接近且质构特性基本无显著差 异（P＞0.05）。通过主成分分析,电子舌能很好地区分不同品种大米原料及米饭,其结果与模糊感官评价一致。 通过偏最小二乘回归分析建立米饭滋味评价模型,相关系数达到0.954 06,能很好地预测不同品种米饭的滋味。因 此,在大米口感品质评价中,感官评定结合电子舌的分析方法更易获得准确、可靠的结论。     

基于味觉分析系统鉴别干邑白兰地真假的 应用初探

目的运用味觉分析系统分析评价干邑白兰地滋味指标,结合多元统计方法,研究该系统在鉴别真假干邑白兰地方面的应用。方法选择具有市场流通代表性的轩尼诗XO干邑白兰地作为研究样品,将样品用水按1:2(V:V)稀释后,采用味觉分析系统SA402B进行检测,运用SPSS 22.0,对酸味、苦味、涩味、苦回味、涩回味、丰富性、咸味和鲜味8种味觉信号进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和判别分析,并模拟识别未知样品,考察方法对干邑白兰地真假鉴别的应用效果。结果 PCA图显示真假样品能够明显区分,主成分1(PCA1)贡献率为68.187%,主成分2(PCA2)贡献率为26.189%,两大主成分累积贡献率达到94.377%,能够较全面反应样品滋味特征;依据判别分析模拟识别6批次未知样品,所有未知样品被正确识别。结论利用味觉分析系统能够简单方便分析轩尼诗XO干邑白兰地滋味信息,结合多元统计分析样品味觉指标,能够较好区分真假样品,可以为干邑白兰地的真假鉴别提供一种新途径。     

酶解脱脂蚕蛹蛋白过程中鲜味规律研究

以缫丝蚕蛹为实验材料,分析碱性蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶复配酶解脱脂蚕蛹蛋白规律。结果表明:酶解脱脂蚕蛹蛋白的最适底物质量浓度为8?g/100?m L、酶解温度为50℃、总酶添加量为1?g/100?g(以脱脂蚕蛹粉计)、酶解时间为9 h;酶解过程中促进了糖的释放,可溶性氮主要是以肽氮形式存在,酶解产物的分子质量主要集中在小于1 k D;在酶解产物中主要的游离氨基酸分别为苏氨酸、组氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、赖氨酸、半胱氨酸,占总游离氨基酸含量的60%左右,对酶解液的滋味产生一定的影响;在酶解产物中肽类氨基酸主要是鲜甜味氨基酸,占总肽类氨基酸的50%左右,其中亲水性氨基酸与碱性氨基酸含量的比值约为1;通过对酶解产物鲜味的相关性分析,肽类氨基酸的含量与酶解产物的鲜味有较好的线性相关性。     

瓦罐鸡汤主要滋味物质研究

为研究鸡汤的主要滋味物质,找出瓦罐鸡汤感官滋味优于其他鸡汤的原因,分析3 种不同加热方式所制备的鸡汤的基本滋味,并比较其主要滋味物质的含量。结果表明：鸡汤的基本滋味以鲜味和甜味为主;瓦罐鸡汤中的总核苷酸和总游离氨基酸含量均高于高压熬制的鸡汤和电磁炉熬制的鸡汤,而高压熬制鸡汤的低聚肽含量最高;鸡汤中的鲜味核苷酸主要为5′- 肌苷酸,鲜味氨基酸为谷氨酸,且瓦罐鸡汤的谷氨酸含量明显高于其他两种鸡汤的谷氨酸含量。瓦罐鸡汤较其他鸡汤有较丰富的鲜味物质和较好的感官滋味。     

黄茶加工中主要品质成分的动态变化

以茶树品种碧香早夏季一芽一叶鲜叶为原料,按照摊放、杀青、揉捻、闷黄、干燥的传统黄茶加工工艺,将其加工成黄茶,通过对其中11 个有代表性的工艺点取样,并进行茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、黄酮含量检测,以及感官审评和香气品质成分分析,探讨黄茶加工过程中主要品质成分的动态变化。结果表明,在黄茶加工过程中,滋味物质茶多酚、儿茶素总量、水浸出物、可溶性糖、咖啡碱以及黄酮含量均在整体上逐渐降低,其足干茶样含量相对茶鲜叶的降幅分别为30.12%、24.08%、10.97%、61.34%、33.20%、25.55%,而游离氨基酸含量则有所增加,其足干茶样含量相对茶鲜叶的增幅为19.46%,其中茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮以及氨基酸含量在摊放过程中有所上升;香气物质中,足干茶样的醇类、酮类、烯烃类、酯类化合物的相对含量相较于茶鲜叶分别减少了17.18%、5.51%、5.77%、2.10%,而醛类、酚类化合物的相对含量则分别增加了35.35%、4.06%;从加工工艺看,黄茶滋味品质主要受摊放与闷黄工序的影响,摊放过程中氨基酸含量随着摊放时间的延长而增加,而闷黄过程可使酯型儿茶素转化为简单儿茶素,并在此工艺中产生茶黄素,是黄茶醇鲜爽滋味及“黄汤黄叶”品质形成的主要因素,同时闷黄时间为8 h时,滋味品质较好;香气品质则主要受摊放、闷黄和干燥工序影响。     

模拟传统柴火烹饪方式对米饭食味及蛋白质营养特性的影响

研究不同烹制方式对米饭食味品质、蛋白质营养特性的影响。结果表明,烹制方式对米饭食味品质和蛋白质营养特性具有较大影响,快速米饭和柴火米饭比传统柴火米饭滋味好,硬度大、黏弹性好,挥发性风味物质种类多。传统柴火米饭醛、醇挥发性物质总量、必需氨基酸指数较高。电饭煲烹制方式对米饭香气、滋味、挥发性风味物质、还原糖、质地、氨基酸组成均具有较大影响,柴火米饭香气、滋味较好,醛、酮、醇、酚挥发性物质总量较高,且质地柔软黏弹、必需氨基酸指数最高。主成分分析提取了前4个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到88.22%,表明不同烹制方式米饭食味与营养品质可以分为非必需氨基酸组成、挥发性风味物质与必需氨基酸组成、外观特性和黏弹性、感官品质4类,主成分综合评分得分顺序由高到低分别是传统柴火米饭、柴火米饭、快速米饭。     

A cluster analysis of the relationship between sucking habits,consistency of food ingested,and taste sensitivity in children

As sucking habits and eating behavior may be interrelated and also associated with taste, body composition, and sociodemographic factors, the objective was to perform an exploratory analysis to identify groups of children with a high degree of association between intragroup subjects, providing explanation and interpretation of the data. The study initially included 352 prepubertal children (197 girls; 7‐ to 11‐year‐old), from whom information about sociodemographic characteristics, duration of breastfeeding, past bottle‐feeding and non‐nutritive sucking habits, taste sensitivity, body mass index (BMI), and consistency of food ingested were collected. Salivary concentrations of amylase and total protein were also determined. Data were submitted to cluster analysis (hierarchical analysis, K‐means, and silhouette plot), one‐way ANOVA and correlation tests. Cluster analysis included 159 children, generating three reliable and meaningful clusters: Cluster 1 (labeled “good tasters”), was characterized by older children and higher taste sensitivity; Cluster 2 (“softer food consistency”) by longer bottle‐feeding duration and children who eat food with lower consistency, and Cluster 3 (“breastfed”) by longer breastfeeding duration (silhouette coefficient = 0.61). Cluster 3 also showed the higher percentage of normal‐weight children, normal delivery, maternal schooling, and lower rate of past non‐nutritional sucking habit. No correlation was found between salivary amylase and total protein concentrations, taste sensitivity and BMI, although taste sensitivity showed to be higher among girls (p = 0.002; power = 88%). The study identified three clusters, highlighting the relationship between nutritional sucking habits, consistency of food ingested, and sociodemographic characteristics. Most importantly, a close relation between bottle‐feeding and consumption of soft food consistency was observed.