Measuring team knowledge: A window to the cognitive underpinnings of team performance.

The authors report an effort aimed at developing and evaluating measures of taskwork and teamwork team knowledge for teams in which members differ in knowledge backgrounds. These measures were used in a study with 36 teams to explore the cognitive underpinnings of team performance variations due to cross-training regime. The authors demonstrate that these measures are valid and provide team performance information that complements outcome and behavioral measures. Teams exposed to full cross-training acquired more taskwork and teamwork knowledge than control teams or teams exposed to a conceptual version of cross-training. Measures of team knowledge provide information regarding team task performance critical for system design and training programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of a Work Sampling Methodology for Behavioral Observations: Application to Teamwork

Engineering programs must assess students' abilities to master “criteria 3 a‐k.” Skills such as teamwork, problem solving, design, and ethical understanding entail learning various processes; hence, assessing these outcomes is better accomplished by focusing on the process rather than the result. Methods for observing students' performance, such as 100 percent behavioral observation, are ideal but expensive. We extend work sampling, an economic industry‐based alternative, to observe cognitive and behavioral processes. Specifically, we describe a work sampling methodology to assess students engaged in teamwork. We then determine attributes of teamwork, establish target time proportions using 100 percent observation, and statistically compare the targets to proportions obtained from work sampling intervals to determine the effective interval. The robustness of work sampling is tested in four learning environments. Results indicate that sampling provides a statistically valid alternative for assessing teamwork. However, when observing design and ethical understanding processes, additional research is needed to make work sampling viable.     

Teams that Work: Campus Culture,Engineer Identity,and Social Interactions

Not all student teams are created equal. Some manage to produce excellent engineering results, others fabricate it. Social interactions in some teams are respectful, while on other teams some members expect others to carry the load, but take credit for it later. With engineering teamwork becoming more prevalent on engineering campuses, knowing more about student design teams that work is especially important. This article uses two teamwork cases from a large‐scale ethnographic study of an engineering design program to describe not only the ways that student engineers practiced design teamwork, but also how campus culture reached into social interactions between teammates via engineering identities produced on campus. A model for effective teamwork emerged that implies producing high quality engineering products, and doing so through respectful social interactions. Implications for teaching about teamwork, teaching with teams, and thinking about ways to change campus cultures to better promote design engineering are developed.     

做好施工现场管理工作的体会

施工现场管理涉及多个方面,项目管理应从技术、质量、安全、文明等多方面入手,只有依靠科学的方法和合理的组织机构,良好的团队精神,精心管理方可取得良好的经济和社会效益。     

Network measures for characterising team adaptation processes

The aim of this study was to advance the conceptualisation of team adaptation by applying social network analysis (SNA) measures in a field study of a paediatric cardiac surgical team adapting to changes in task complexity and ongoing dynamic complexity. Forty surgical procedures were observed by trained human factors researchers, and communication processes amongst team members were recorded. Focusing on who talked to whom, team communication structures, in response to changing task demands, were characterised by various network measures. Results showed that in complex procedures, the communication patterns were more decentralised and flatter. Also, in critical transition phases of the procedure, communication was characterised by higher information sharing and participation. We discuss implications for team adaptation theory and teamwork observation methods.     

Struggling with solutions; a case study of using organisation concepts

Engineers contribute to the constant flow of new tools and organisation concepts. These tend to be presented as solutions to existing organisational problems. These solutions may become problems themselves, however. We present a longitudinal case of how a truck manufacturer struggled with various similar and dissimilar concepts in realising organisational changes. Whilst it may seem idiosyncratic, the company's struggles are probably typical for organisational change praxis. Reflecting on the case, we present a model to help practitioners reflect on their use of concepts and tools (thereby arguably contributing to the issue we signal).     

污泥调理剂与有机高分子絮凝剂联合作用对污泥脱水性能影响的研究

结合污泥调理剂和有机高分子絮凝剂在调理活性污泥中体现出的优缺点,将两者联合用于活性污泥的调理。先后投加不同量的调理剂和絮凝剂于活性污泥中,研究其对污泥絮体特征和脱水性能的影响。结果表明,当两者投加量分别为1%和0.5%时,污泥泥饼含水率降到最低,为75.41%,且污泥过滤性能得到较好的改善。这是由于调理剂的投加改变了污泥絮体结构,导致胞外聚合物（EPS）的分布发生变化,改善了污泥的脱水性能,絮体颗粒粒径减小,而投加有机高分子絮凝剂使得污泥絮体重新絮凝,从而提高脱水速度。     

基于智能算法的无人机航迹规划

文中针对多无人机在复杂约束条件下编队协同、巡航范围内覆盖率高的问题,基于K-means算法和Hop-field神经网络算法实现了一种无人机整体航迹规划方法。对任务要求的禁飞区域、目标区域建立任务区域的数字地图模型,进行模型分解合理的将有效区域分解为多个子目标点。随后采用K-means算法对无人机巡航的目标点进行聚类,并结合Hop-field神经网络算法对同类子目标点进行无人机航迹规划。以无人机在抗震救灾中的真实数据为实例,通过仿真实现了巡航区域90%的覆盖率,验证了文中方法的鲁棒性和有效性。