燃煤烟气中痕量元素的形态及其分析方法

介绍煤燃烧过程痕量元素形态的分析方法：化学热力学平衡分析和化学反应动力学模型分析。以Hg为例，描述了痕量元素化学反应动力学模型的建立、发展和完善过程，指出了煤燃烧过程中痕量元素形态分析的若干研究方向，并给出了部分痕量元素在烟气中的形态分布。     

Multidimensional Kinetics of Nucleation in Liquid-Vapor Systems

A metastable system is described as an ensemble of locally isolated statistically independent centers, with a possibility of one and only one nucleus of a close-to- critical radius emerging on each one of these centers. It is assumed that this event occurs as a result of fluctuations in a heterophase subsystem and leads to the formation of a viable nucleus at a given point in space. The process of the emergence of this nucleus is treated as the first crossing of the potential barrier by a Brownian particle. Proceeding from the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, dynamic equations of bubble (droplet) growth are derived, which correspond to the Onsager relations. These formulas are used as Langevin equations in multidimensional phase space and are related to the respective Fokker-Planck equation whose solution enables one to determine the local rate of emergence of a viable nucleus and, as a consequence, the rate of its emergence in the entire system. An alternative expression is given for the rate of homogeneous steady-state nucleation, which differs from the classical expression by the pre-exponential factor and, in the case where one parameter (radius) may be sufficient, gives close limits of attainable superheat (supersaturation). Given the expression for the nonequilibrium work of bubble (droplet) and the distribution of heterogeneous centers, the obtained result may be readily generalized to the case of heterogeneous nucleation.     

英文版热力学中的及传递

在查阅、分析近 50 多年出版的热力学著作中有关 与 传递内容的基础上,探讨了 理论发展过程的阶段划分, 概念、理论的演变规律,目前 研究的动态和可能形成的新研究热点。     

First-principles Investigation of the Structural,Electronic and Elastic Properties of Al2Ca and Al4Sr Phases in Mg-Al-Ca（Sr） Alloy

First-principles calculations have been carried out to investigate the structural stabilities, electronic structures and elastic properties of Mg17Al12, Al2Ca and Al4Sr phases. The optimized structural parameters are in good agreement with the experimental and other theoretical values. The calculated formation enthalpies and cohesive energies show that Al2Ca has the strongest alloying ability, and Al4Sr has the highest structural stability. The densities of states （DOS）, Mulliken electronic populations, and electronic charge density difference are obtained to reveal the underlying mechanism of structural stability. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young＇s modulus, and Poisson＇s ratio are estimated from the calculated elastic constants. The mechanical properties of these phases are further analyzed and discussed. The Gibbs free energy and Debye temperature are also calculated and discussed.     

换热器热力学分析实例与节能途径

本文对换热器进行了热力学分析,找出了其能耗高的主要环节是换热过程不可逆因素引起的?损失,为改进设备和节能提供了途径.     

复合吸附剂CaO/Al2O3对CO2吸附性能的研究-研究生论坛

采用过量浸渍法制备了不同质量分数的复合吸附剂CaO/Al2O3,并采用CO2-TPD、低温氮气吸附脱附、XRD以及FT-IR等方法对吸附剂的结构进行了表征。采用容量法测定了吸附剂在25 oC和70 oC条件下的吸附性能。结果表明,CO2在与吸附剂的作用过程中形成了CaCO3;在吸附温度为70 oC、压力为1.0 MPa的条件下,当CaO的负载量为5wt.%时,复合吸附剂的吸附效果最好,吸附量为36.45 mg/g。用D-R模型计算了复合吸附剂的吸附热,用Clausius-Clapeyron方程研究了复合吸附剂吸附过程的吸附焓变与覆盖度的关系。结果表明,复合吸附剂的吸附热随着CaO掺杂量的增加而增加,而吸附过程的吸附焓变随着吸附质覆盖度的增加而降低。     

湿法分解钨酸钴的热力学分析

采用空气（或氧气）氧化法处理WC-Co硬质合金废料时,钴和钨将形成难溶于水的化合物钨酸钴。针对湿法分解钨酸钴的问题,分别对Co-W-H2O体系和Co-W-C-H2O体系进行了热力学分析,获得了一系列平衡关系图。结果表明,钨酸钴在中性溶液中可稳定存在,采用酸分解或碱分解的方式,均可使钨酸钴分解,并实现钨和钴的分离。碳酸盐分解钨酸钴的热力学趋势较大,分解反应可在较低的碳酸盐过量系数下完成。此外,溶液pH值对碳酸盐分解钨酸钴具有较大的影响。     

热浸镀55％Al-Zn镀液中底渣的分析与计算

检测了热浸镀55%Al-Zn镀液的成分和底渣中物相组成,并根据Al-Zn-Si-Fe热力学相图分析了温度对底渣的影响。XRD结果显示,底渣中主要渣相为FeAl3相,另外还含有少量的Al11V;SEM和EDS的结果也证明底渣中主要渣相为FeAl3,并且检测到少量Al-Zn-V-Ce四元金属间化合物。热力学相图分析浸镀温度对Fe在镀液中饱和溶解度的影响表明,随着温度升高,Fe的溶解度也随之增加。当镀液中Fe含量超过该温度下的饱和溶解度时,就以FeAl3的形式从镀液中析出成为底渣。     

热力学多项演示实验装置

为满足数学上热力学演示实验的需要。研制了热力学多项演示实验装置该装置在环境温度40℃以下能成功完成热力学、电学9项演示实验。     

非平衡态热力学的研究进展及应用

在自然界中,许多过程都是非平衡态过程。要研究这些过程,仅靠经典热力学是远远不够的。本文介绍了非平衡态热力学的主要理论,综述了非平衡态热力学的研究进展,介绍了非平衡态热力学在各个领域中的应用现状,指出随着非平衡态热力学理论的发展,它将在越来越多的领域得到广泛的应用。