Mathematical Advancement of General Chlorine Bulk Decay Model

An accurate chlorine bulk decay model is needed to ensure that potable water meets the microbial and the chemical safeties at the treatment plant and throughout the distribution. Among the mathematical models available,the general second-order chlorine bulk decay model( GBDM) is the most fundamentally sound.Application of the GBDM,however,has been hindered by its numerous fictive parameters and lack of an analytical solution. This theoretical work removes the two obstacles. The GBDM is solved through transformation and integration. The analytical solution provides deep insights into the GBDM and facilitates the parameterization and sensitivity analysis. The background natural organic matter( NOM) is characterized with the probabilistic distribution of functional groups. It reveals that the mean of the function group distribution is correlated with the initial chlorine decay rate coefficient( κ_0). A simple formula is developed to determine κ_0 directly from the initial chlorine decay. The theoretical treatment reduces the fictive parameters to a minimum. For the common lognormal distribution,the GBDM needs only three parameters,well defined as initial chlorine demand X_0,median rate coefficient km,and heterogeneity index σ. For more complicated scenarios,composite distributions are constructed through superposition of individual distributions. A highlighted example is to predict chlorine decay in blends of different waters. With the theoretical and mathematical advancement here,the GBDM can be applied effectively to any reactive background matter in any reaction systems.     

基于模式识别的火灾烟雾探测中抗水雾干扰研究

水雾与火灾烟雾在颜色、形态以及面积扩散等方面均具有相似性,容易对基于图像识别的火灾探测技术形成干扰。在同一地点及环境下使用监控系统录制火灾烟雾和水雾的真实视频,从运动方向特征和纹理特征着手进行分析,并利用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)对视频进行火灾烟雾和水雾的识别。实验结果表明,火灾烟雾与水雾在运动方向特征及纹理特征中熵和对比度上有明显差异,火灾烟雾识别时使用运动方向特征及纹理特征既能准确的识别出火灾烟雾,又能极大减小疑似烟雾目标带来的干扰。     

静态温度分层水体中点源羽流云团垂向运动规律

为了解水温分层型水库中瞬时点源污染物的运动规律,通过物理试验研究了点源羽流云团在静态温度分层水体中的垂向运动规律。试验结果表明:不同水温结构水体中,羽流云团的运动规律有着显著差异;线性分层水体中,云团沉降时横向扩散受到一定限制;有温跃层存在的水体中,云团会在温跃层位置停滞,由于云团与环境水体密度之间的差异,可能出现Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定或双扩散对流,并出现指状侵入;云团垂向沉速与所受浮力正相关,与云团前锋位置和浮力频率负相关。     

基于眼动实验和模板技术的应急地图设计研究

在近年来发生的应急事件中,地图发挥着越来越重要的作用,但是不同的任务类型、使用对象和使用环境要求应急地图的设计务必快速高效、主题突出,而且不能千篇一律。但是,应急地图的设计制作中存在着制图周期长、地图现势性差、制图模块不可重用、缺少设计原则、成图效率低下、忽略用户差异等问题,严重阻碍了应急地图的推广和应用。 文章对应急地图研究现状和设计中存在的问题进行分析,对应急地图的设计情境进行归纳,提出应急地图设计原则,基于眼动实验获取应急地图符号设计知识,基于模板技术提出一种快速设计应急地图的思路和方法,并给出各阶段设计的实例效果图。     

充填采煤理论与技术的新进展及展望

充填采煤是绿色开采的核心,在综合阐述煤矿充填采煤技术发展历史的基础上,介绍了近年来我国综合机械化充填采煤理论及技术取得的重大突破,包括:长壁工作面采充一体化原理、综合机械化固体充填采煤技术、密实充填有效控制岩层运动的目标、充填采煤岩层移动预计的等价采高理论、密实充填采煤岩层移动的解析计算公式和充填采煤岩层移动与地表沉陷实测比较等.指出了研发新型低成本充填材料、提升充填采煤装备自动化水平、建立充填采煤基础理论与相关评价体系、协同充填采煤与地下水环境保护是煤矿充填采煤技术发展的必然趋势.     

两墨辊对滚过程中相邻墨区间的影响

对两墨辊的对滚转动进行了模拟仿真分析,旨在研究相邻墨区之间的相互作用,以及主动辊的串动对油墨流动特性的影响.为此,以相邻5个墨区进行仿真分析.对中间墨区墨量等于、小于和大于相邻墨区3种情况下墨辊的对滚转动模拟仿真,以对比分析相邻墨区对中间墨区的影响.分析得出,在两墨辊对滚转动的过程中,相邻墨区之间相互作用,使得墨辊上油墨流场的压力、轴向速度、墨层厚度都受到影响.对主动辊有轴向串动时,分析中间墨区的压力、轴向速度、墨层厚度可知,主动辊的串动增大了相邻墨区之间的相互影响.     

Orthogonal design and numerical simulation of room and pillar configurations in fractured stopes

Room and pillar sizes are key factors for safe mining and ore recovery in open-stope mining. To investigate the influence of room and pillar configurations on stope stability in highly fractured and weakened areas, an orthogonal design with two factors, three levels and nine runs was proposed, followed by three-dimensional numerical simulation using ANSYS and FLAC3~. Results show that surface settlement after excavation is concentrically ringed, and increases with the decrease of pillar width and distances to stope gobs. In the meantime, the ore-control fault at the ore-rock boundary and the fractured argillaceous dolomite with intercalated slate at the hanging wall deteriorate the roof settlement. Additionally, stope stability is challenged due to pillar rheological yield and stress concentration, and both are induced by redistribution of stress and plastic zones after mining. Following an objective function and a constraint function, room and pillar configuration with widths of 14 m and 16 m, respectively, is presented as the optimization for improving the ore recovery rate while maintaining a safe working environment.     

一个治疗周期内尖牙倾斜移动过程模拟的应力分析

将骨重建过程与有限元分析相结合,对尖牙在一个治疗周期内的倾斜移动过程进行模拟并得到各阶段的应力分布。选用一个正畸患者的下颌尖牙,建立包括牙齿、牙周膜、牙髓、牙槽骨的三维实体模型,通过有限元计算得到初始应变分布。以牙周膜外表面的正应变作为牙槽骨吸收的力学刺激,计算出牙槽骨在每周的吸收量然后确定牙齿的倾斜角度;以牙齿移动后的位置重新建立模型,并施加衰减后的正畸力值再次计算牙周膜的应变分布,作为下一阶段的初始状态。结果表明,一个治疗周期内,尖牙的移动曲线基本符合典型牙移动的3个阶段;牙槽骨和牙周膜的应力逐渐下降,且最大应力都出现在牙根尖或牙槽骨嵴顶位置。实现了尖牙在正畸力作用下发生倾斜移动的动态过程的模拟,可为临床上制定方案和预测效果提供参考。     

Prediction model of surface residual stress within a machined surface by combining two orthogonal plane models

The variation of surface residual stress within a machined surface layer caused by face turning was studied. The size of the tool’s corner radius and the feed rate affect residual stress. A process model using the finite element method is proposed and the mechanical effects of the corner radius and feed rate on a machined surface were discussed. When a tool with a small corner radius is used, surface residual stress perpendicular to the cutting direction becomes compression stress. As well, surface residual stress changes from tension to compression as the feed rate decreases. The process model consists of an orthogonal cutting simulation and an indentation-like simulation of a corner radius into a work piece surface. The simulated results show quantitative agreement with the residual stress measured experimentally. The integrity of the machined surface will be controlled more efficiently if the cutting conditions during finishing are determined with the proper consideration of the surface generating process.     

弧面分度凸轮机构参数化设计与仿真

以弧面分度凸轮机构为研究对象，基于VC＋＋面向对象的方法及Pro／ENGINEER二次开发技术，建立了弧面分度凸轮参数化设计系统，该系统给出了界面友好的参数输入对话框，能够完成机构参数的自动综合和凸轮轮廓的自动生成，具有直观性、易于操作和调整，并在Pro／ENGINEER环境下进行装配、仿真与干涉检测，验证了设计的合理性。