氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜高产与氮肥合理利用的统一。     

钢丝绳的安全使用

钢丝绳的使用涉及人身、设备的安全，国内外大量钢丝绳事故示例给钢丝绳生产企业和使用单位提出了要求。制造高质量的钢丝绳，建立和完善钢丝绳的安全使用规范，采用先进检测仪器，加强钢丝绳维护等都是确保钢丝绳安全使用的重要措施。     

玉米污染产黄曲霉毒素真菌后营养成分变化的研究

为探讨霉菌污染玉米主要营养成分的变化,利用霉菌污染模拟体系,用产黄曲霉毒素真菌孢子悬浮液处理玉米先玉335和纪元1号7 d。结果表明,产黄曲霉毒素真菌污染后,两个品种玉米的蛋白质含量都降低,氨基酸的总含量也降低。但脂肪含量的变化及总糖含量的变化与品种有关,先玉335的脂肪含量不变,总糖含量增加了38.5%;纪元1号脂肪含量与对照相比降低32.2%,总糖含量降低了44.8%。霉菌污染使两个品种的玉米VA含量都降低,VE和VB2含量都增加,VB1的含量变化与品种有关。霉菌污染玉米会引起营养成分不同程度的变化,这种变化与品种有关,需要进行营养成分和安全性的评价后分级使用。     

Developing English domestic occupancy profiles

ABSTRACT

Occupancy patterns are necessary to estimate energy demand and evaluate thermal comfort in households. Because of this, many European countries are developing representative domestic schedules to replace outdated criteria. This paper evaluates the state of knowledge of UK domestic occupancy patterns and develops new domestic occupancy profiles for England. The presented research (1) characterizes methods for collecting occupancy data and inferring patterns; (2) identifies and assesses the quality of categories of occupancy patterns used in building simulation; and (3) develops updated occupancy profiles. A systematic scoping review identified social and monitoring surveys as the most deployed data-collection methods. A systematic literature review also established that the occupancy categories most frequently used in UK building simulation are (a) a family with dependent children where the parents work full time; and (b) a retired elderly couple who spend most of their time indoors. The interview sample from the English Housing Survey 2014–15 was used to map household typologies. Results show that categories (a) and (b) combined amount to only 19% of England’s households, which suggest models are over-reliant on these groups. Considering this result, the paper develops occupancy patterns for England derived from 2015 UK Time Use Survey diaries for each household typology previously identified.     

Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption

German regulations for the thermal renovation of existing homes demand high thermal standards, which the government claims are technically and economically feasible. This paper examines existing data on 3400 German homes; their calculated energy performance ratings (EPR) are then plotted against the actual measured consumption. The results indicate that occupants consume, on average, 30% less heating energy than the calculated rating. This phenomenon is identified as the ‘prebound’ effect and increases with the calculated rating. The opposite phenomenon, the rebound effect, tends to occur for low-energy dwellings, where occupants consume more than the rating. A similar phenomenon has been recognized in recent Dutch, Belgian, French and UK studies, suggesting policy implications in two directions. Firstly, using a dwelling's energy rating to predict fuel and CO₂ savings through retrofits tends to overestimate savings, underestimate the payback time and possibly discourage cost-effective, incremental improvements. Secondly, the potential fuel and CO₂ savings through non-technical measures such as occupant behaviour may well be far larger than is generally assumed in policies so policy-makers need a better understanding of what drives or inhibits occupants' decisions.

La réglementation allemande relative à la rénovation thermique des logements existants exige des normes thermiques élevées, que le gouvernement prétend être techniquement et économiquement applicables. Cet article examine les données existantes sur 3400 logements allemands; leurs classes d'efficacité énergétique (CEE) calculées sont ensuite comparées à la consommation réelle mesurée. Les résultats indiquent que les occupants consomment, en moyenne, 30 % d'énergie de chauffage en moins que la classe calculée. Ce phénomène est identifié en raison de l'accroissement de l'effet de « pré-bond » avec la classe calculée. Le phénomène opposé, l'effet de rebond, tend à se produire dans les logements à basse consommation d'énergie, dans lesquels les occupants ont une consommation supérieure à la classe. Un phénomène similaire a été reconnu dans des études récentes néerlandaises, belges, françaises et britanniques, suggérant des implications en termes de politiques dans deux directions. En premier lieu, l'utilisation de la classe énergétique d'un logement pour prévoir les économies de combustible et de CO₂ pouvant être obtenues grâce à des rénovations a tendance à surestimer les économies, à sous-estimer le délai d'amortissement et éventuellement à dissuader d'effectuer des améliorations incrémentielles rentables. En second lieu, les économies potentielles de combustible et de CO₂ pouvant être obtenues par des mesures non techniques telles que le comportement des occupants peuvent se révéler être bien plus importantes que cela n'est supposé en règle générale dans les politiques, de sorte que les décideurs ont besoin de mieux comprendre ce qui motive ou empêche les décisions des occupants.

Mots clés: performance des bâtiments, rénovations thermiques, politique climatique, classe énergétique, politique énergétique, comportement de consommation énergétique     

Root GS and NADH-GDH Play Important Roles in Enhancing the Ammonium Tolerance in Three Bedding Plants

Ammonium is a paradoxical nutrient because it is more metabolically efficient than nitrate, but also causes plant stresses in excess, i.e., ammonium toxicity. Current knowledge indicates that ammonium tolerance is species-specific and related to the ammonium assimilation enzyme activities. However, the mechanisms underlying the ammonium tolerance in bedding plants remain to be elucidated. The study described herein explores the primary traits contributing to the ammonium tolerance in three bedding plants. Three NH₄⁺:NO₃⁻ ratios (0:100, 50:50, 100:0) were supplied to salvia, petunia, and ageratum. We determined that they possessed distinct ammonium tolerances: salvia and petunia were, respectively, extremely sensitive and moderately sensitive to high NH₄⁺ concentrations, whereas ageratum was tolerant to NH₄⁺, as characterized by the responses of the shoot and root growth, photosynthetic capacity, and nitrogen (amino acid and soluble protein)-carbohydrate (starch) distributions. An analysis of the major nitrogen assimilation enzymes showed that the root GS (glutamine synthetase) and NADH-GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) activities in ageratum exhibited a dose-response relationship (reinforced by 25.24% and 6.64%, respectively) as the NH₄⁺ level was raised from 50% to 100%; but both enzyme activities were significantly diminished in salvia. Besides, negligible changes of GS activities monitored in leaves revealed that only the root GS and NADH-GDH underpin the ammonium tolerances of the three bedding plants.     

德国冶金渣及其综合利用情况

德国在冶金渣(亦称为钢铁冶炼炉渣, 主要包括高炉炉渣、钢渣及铁合金渣)处理方面有不少可以借鉴的地方.本文通过深入实际对德国冶金渣综合利用情况的调查研究,详细报道了德国冶金渣的主要种类、处理方式、不同工艺下各冶金渣的特性、排放及综合利用情况, 以期对我国的冶金渣工作者在冶金渣综合治理方面有所启迪,并希望我国在冶金渣性能改善及综合利用方面能有新的突破和进展.     

汽轮机低真空运行循环水供热技术应用

本文介绍了汽轮机低真空运行循环水供热技术在C12-35/10机组上的应用,并结合工程实例,对低真空运行循环水供热的经济性和安全性进行了分析、探讨。     

黑色素的合成、鉴定及应用现状

黑色素是在酚类物质的氧化和聚合过程中产生的一类黑色素和棕色的高分子化合物的统称。黑色素是生物体内的一种独特的聚合物,具有保护生物体免受紫外线损伤、降低极端气温和电离辐射伤害等众多的生理功能。由于黑色素的复杂结构,关于其精确的化学结构和合成途径,直至目前仍没有一个定论,而其鉴定方法也有很大的局限性,这些都对黑色素的大规模应用带来了不利的影响,有鉴于此,本文对黑色素的合成和鉴定的最新研究成果进行了综述。     

碳酸二甲酯合成及应用

本文介绍了合成碳酸二甲酯的原理、工艺路线及研究进展。简述了碳酸二甲酯的主要用途。