Pi Tuning Under Performance Constraints

In this paper, a PI controller tuning method is proposed to meet several practical constraints such as the system bandwidth, the stability robustness and the low‐frequency disturbance rejection ability. An objective sensitivity function is first given subject to the above constraints. The PI controller is then designed by making the actual closed‐loop sensitivity function close to the optimal one in the frequency domain. Simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Challenges and opportunities in watershed management for Laguna de Bay (Philippines)

Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines and the second largest freshwater lake in South‐East Asia. The lake is shallow with a mean depth of only 2.8 m. Rice paddies, sugar cane fields, coconut plantations and other agricultural fields make up large portions of the catchment area, although there is also extensive urbanization and industrialization. As industry and population around the lake have grown, the lake and its tributaries have become overwhelmed by industrial, commercial, agricultural and domestic pollution resulting in massive fish kills and polluted water. Laguna de Bay is under the management and protection of a national government agency known as Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA). In 1983, the LLDA was given the power to control and abate pollution within the Laguna de Bay watershed. The mandate of the LLDA includes the environmental regeneration and sustainable development and use of the lake’s waters, fisheries and wetlands. The LLDA receives no federal funds but it retains and uses collected fees from regulated industries. The LLDA has instituted an environmental‐user fee or pollution‐charge system that has given corporations an incentive to construct and use wastewater treatment plants at a lower cost than the required fees for dumping waste into Laguna de Bay. User fees provide more flexibility about how and when a user or industrial facility cleans up its manufacturing process. Many medium‐ and large‐sized domestic and multinational corporations have achieved at least 30–50% reductions in pollution loads. The user fees also encourage industry water conservation. Other creative approaches to conserving Laguna de Bay include ‘Environmental Armies’ that consist of volunteers who clean up river banks, demolish illegal fish pens and install low‐cost garbage traps at the river’s mouth. ‘Poison Awards’ are given annually and publicly to companies that continue to dump large amounts of waste into lake tributaries. Organizers also name a ‘Most Improved Company’ to provide a positive incentive. Laguna de Bay stakeholders face a severe shortage of resources to continue their work. Innovative strategies are needed to achieve pollution reductions from smaller industries     

PWB用户要求的可靠性评价项目

概述了PWB用户求的可靠性评价项目,不良PWB事例及其解决方法。     

On the structure of Lagrange multipliers for state-constrained optimal control problems

State constrained optimal control problems represent severe analytical and numerical challenges. It is shown that under certain conditions on the active set the measure representing the Lagrange multiplier associated to the state constraint can be decomposed in a distributed part in L² with support on the active set and a boundary measure concentrated on the interface between active and inactive sets.     

有线电视用户违章及稽查

当前,有线电视用户采用非法手段盗用有线电视信号、拖欠电视收视维护管理费甚至故意破坏有线电视传输网络设施等违章违法行为还比较普遍。分析有线电视用户的违章行为和产生违章行为的原因,介绍有线广播电视管理法规、用户稽查和违章行为的处理办法。     

ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF A CSTR WITH INPUT CONSTRAINTS

Control of a nonisothermal CSTR with input constraints has been developed. The control system is a multivariable nonlinear one. Indirect adaptive control is applied. An algorithm based on an output direction vector is proposed for determining the constrained input vector. By using the proposed method, it is possible to operate the reactor at an unstable steady state within a stable limit cycle.     

Future Perspectives of the Unified Global Infrastructure

A novel approach towards the realisation of future communication systems is presented, highlighting some key research-areas, whose proper development will contribute to the development of the envisaged trends. The concept of a unified global infrastructure is the core of this vision approach. Key-elements that need to be analysed are identified together with the approach required for their effective investigation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

人力资源概念辨析

人力资源是人力资源管理和人力资本投资理论的基本概念。文中根据资源的一般内涵，对人力资源的科学内涵及其重要属性进行了分析，并对一些流行的关于人力资源的看法提出了异议和批判。     

一种综合景物垂直性约束的自定标算法

考虑到建筑物中普遍存在的平面正交性，将其作为相机自定标的新约束，该约束条件和以往基于相机的约束条件相结合可以使得所求解的绝对二次曲面的欧式特性得到满足，所重建的三维景物更符合实际。该方法的有效性在仿真数据和真实图像实验中得到验证。     

Towards a Constraint-Based Engineering Framework for Algorithm Design and Application

The search for programming frameworks that provide the formalism that can help organize literally thousands of algorithmic ideas and facilitate their applications to new problems is an important research direction in computer science. That is, we are seeking to develop a practical programming environment that allows the user to state a family of problems, and subsequently systematically apply a collection of established algorithmic techniques to individual problems correctly. In this note we informally discuss constraint networks as a vehicle that provides a general framework for the synthesis, abstraction and application of problem-specific algorithms.