High speed multiplier using Nikhilam Sutra algorithm of Vedic mathematics

This article presents the design of a new high-speed multiplier architecture using Nikhilam Sutra of Vedic mathematics. The proposed multiplier architecture finds out the compliment of the large operand from its nearest base to perform the multiplication. The multiplication of two large operands is reduced to the multiplication of their compliments and addition. It is more efficient when the magnitudes of both operands are more than half of their maximum values. The carry save adder in the multiplier architecture increases the speed of addition of partial products. The multiplier circuit is synthesised and simulated using Xilinx ISE 10.1 software and implemented on Spartan 2 FPGA device XC2S30-5pq208. The output parameters such as propagation delay and device utilisation are calculated from synthesis results. The performance evaluation results in terms of speed and device utilisation are compared with earlier multiplier architecture. The proposed design has speed improvements compared to multiplier architecture presented in the literature.     

Novel direct designs for 3-input XOR function for low-power and high-speed applications

Novel direct designs for 3-input exclusive-OR (XOR) function at transistor level are proposed in this article. These designs are appropriate for low-power and high-speed applications. The critical path of the presented designs consists of only two pass-transistors, which causes low propagation delay. Neither complementary inputs, nor V _DD and ground exist in the basic structure of these designs. The proposed designs have low dynamic and short-circuit power consumptions and their internal nodes dissipate negligible leakage power, which leads to low average power consumption. Some effective approaches are presented for improving the performance, voltage levels, and the driving capability and lowering the number of transistors of the basic structure of the designs. All of the proposed designs and several classical and state-of-the-art 3-input XOR circuits are simulated in a realistic condition using HSPICE with 90 nm CMOS technology at six supply voltages, ranging from 1.3 V down to 0.8 V. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed circuits are superior in terms of speed, power consumption and power-delay product (PDP) with respect to other designs.     

SF6短间隙中高频电弧的阻抗特性

气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)中隔离开关操作时,触头间隙会出现高频放电,产生威胁电力设备安全的特快速暂态过电压(VFTO),高频电弧的阻抗特性对VFTO的上升沿和幅值等具有重要影响。为此,提出了利用SF6间隙研究GIS隔离开关高频电弧阻抗特性,分SF6短间隙和长间隙2个阶段开展工作的技术方案,并介绍了SF6短间隙阶段的研究工作。建立SF6短间隙和紧凑型RLC放电回路产生高频电弧。采用高压探头、Rogowski线圈、B-dot传感器分别测量电弧电压、电流及电流变化率,利用高速分幅相机观测电弧形态。提出了电弧电感和电阻的分析方法,研究了气压、弧长及电流对电弧电感和电阻的影响,建立了基于能量平衡关系的电弧电阻模型。研究结果表明:高频放电起始后,电弧电感从约13μH/m迅速减小并趋于稳定值约9μH/m;电弧电阻在约60ns内快速跌落至约1Ω,随后缓慢下降并趋于稳定值约0.1Ω;气压增大时电弧电感和电阻增大,电流增大时电弧电感和电阻减小;提出的模型能够计算全过程电弧电阻,计算结果与试验分析结果基本符合。     

Generalized generic model control of high‐purity internal thermally coupled distillation column based on nonlinear wave theory

A new model‐based control strategy for the internal thermally coupled distillation column (ITCDIC) is presented. Based on the nonlinear wave theory that describes the nonlinear dynamics in the separation processes, a simplified nonlinear wave model is established that concerns both the wave propagation and the profile shape. An advanced controller (WGGMC) is formulated by combining the nonlinear wave model with a generalized generic model control (GGMC). Compared with a conventional generic model controller based on a data‐driven model (TGMC), and another wave‐model based generic model controller (WGMC) developed in our previous work, WGGMC exhibits the best performances in both servo control and regulatory control. Furthermore, WGGMC can handle a very‐high‐purity system of ITCDIC with top product composition of 0.99999, while the other two controllers fail to work. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4133–4141, 2013     

Very low energy electron microscopy of graphene flakes

Commercially available graphene samples are examined by Raman spectroscopy and very low energy scanning transmission electron microscopy. Limited lateral resolution of Raman spectroscopy may produce a Raman spectrum corresponding to a single graphene layer even for flakes that can be identified by very low energy electron microscopy as an aggregate of smaller flakes of various thicknesses. In addition to diagnostics of graphene samples at larger dimensions, their electron transmittance can also be measured at very low energies.     

不同物性储层微观渗流特征差异研究

针对目前特低渗透储层开发难的特点,应用真实砂岩微观模型,对高、低渗不同物性储层微观渗流特征差异进行分析研究。研究表明：不同物性储层微观渗流特征差异显著,高低渗模型的驱油效率平均相差19％;储层物性及水驱油体系的能量耗散和能量释放、驱替压力、孔隙结构非均质性是影响高、低渗模型微观渗流特征和驱油差异的主要因素;在低渗模型中采用降阻剂驱替后,驱油效率提高11％。经过分析,建议低渗储层通过储层改造,或通过非常规水驱来改善油层水驱效果。     

Very high cycle fatigue behaviour of 2000-MPa ultra-high-strength spring steel with bainite–martensite duplex microstructure

The very high cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviours of 2000-MPa ultra-high-strength spring steel with different bainite–martensite duplex microstructures (designated as B-M1 and B-M2) obtained through isothermal quenching and fully martensite (designated as M) for comparison were studied in this paper by using ultrasonic fatigue testing and compact-tension specimens. It was found that for the B-M1 sample with well-controlled thin and uniformly distributed bainite, the fatigue crack threshold Δ K _th is higher and FCG rate da / dN at an early stage is lower than those of the M sample. Therefore, the former has rather longer fatigue life at high stress amplitude, though both have almost identical fatigue strength. However, the fatigue properties of bainite–martensite duplex microstructure are significantly deteriorated with the formation of large bainite. Furthermore, like that of the M sample, the S–N curves of the B-M1 and B-M2 samples also display continuous declining type and fish-eye marks were always observed on the fracture surface in the case of internal fractures, which were mainly induced by inclusion. A granular bright facet (GBF) was observed in the vicinity around the inclusion. For each of the three samples, the stress intensity factor range at the boundary of inclusion (Δ K_inc ) decreases with increasing the number of cycles to failure ( N _f), while the stress intensity factor range at the front of GBF(Δ K _GBF) is almost constant with N _f and equals to its Δ K _th. This indicates that Δ K _GBF might be the threshold value governing the beginning of stable crack propagation.     

不同加载频率下GCr15钢超高周疲劳行为的研究

分别采用常规和超声疲劳的试验方法,结合断裂力学理论以及FRASTA仿真,开展了GCr15钢超高周疲劳破坏行为的研究。结果表明,根据裂纹萌生位置的不同,疲劳破坏分为表面和内部破坏两种,其中内部破坏伴有granular bright facet(GBF)现象的产生,整个内部裂纹具有Fish-eye形貌特征。材料的疲劳S-N曲线呈现持续下降的趋势,ΔKGBF(4～4.2MPa·m1/2)是控制内部裂纹扩展的临界参数,超声疲劳试验提高了材料的疲劳强度,高强度钢的超高周疲劳行为的研究应采用常规试验为主,超声为辅的试验方法。     

塔河奥陶系6000m~3超大规模酸压实践

针对塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏常规酸压存在酸蚀裂缝距离短,导流能力有限,难以沟通远处有效储集体的问题,在TH12312井探索并实践大幅增加酸压液体用量及施工排量的6000m3超大规模酸压工艺技术。优选方案为滑溜水4000m3,施工排量≥7.0m3/min;变黏酸600m3,施工排量≥7.5m3/min;胶凝酸400m3,施工排量≥7.5m3/min;顶替液:滑溜水1000m3,施工排量≥7.0m3/min。动态缝长可达到289.9m,动态缝高可达到77m,酸蚀缝长可达到227m,导流能力可达到426mD·m。整个施工过程交替注入滑溜水和酸液,累计注入总液量6008m3,同时加入粉陶70t,最高泵压达到94.3MPa,最高排量8.5m3/min,酸压施工获得成功。酸压时的裂缝监测及后期生产效果评价表明,该工艺取得了提高造缝长度、改善储层导流能力、沟通远处储集体的效果,刷新了酸压规模的世界纪录。