What Situations Induce Intimate Partner Violence? A Reliability and Validity Study of the Proximal Antecedents to Violent Episodes (PAVE) Scale.

The current study investigated the reliability of a new self-report questionnaire assessing stimuli that would likely elicit intimate partner violence. The Proximal Antecedents to Violent Episodes (PAVE) scale is a 30-item, Likert-type measure designed to assess situations that would reportedly precede the use of violence. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis on a clinical sample revealed 3 factors: Violence to Control, Violence Out of Jealousy, and Violence Following Verbal Abuse. In Study 2, the factor structure was replicated on a community sample using confirmatory factor analysis. In both studies, different types of batterers, on the basis of A. Holtzworth-Munroe and G. L. Stuart's (1994) typology, scored differently on the 3 factors in ways consistent with theory. Therefore, the PAVE shows promise as a reliable and valid tool to help to understand the context and function of intimate partner violence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clients Who Stalk Psychologists: Prevalence, Methods, and Motives.

There is emerging recognition that psychologists are susceptible to various forms of intrusiveness by clients, including stalking. Information regarding the contexts in which stalking emerges and the behaviors to which clinicians are subjected is limited. A random sample of Australian psychologists (N = 1,750) was surveyed to ascertain the prevalence, nature, and occupational impact of stalking by clients. Of the 830 respondents, 19.5% had been stalked for 2 weeks or more. Psychologists typically perceived the stalking to be motivated by resentment (42%) or infatuation (19%). Most practitioners altered their professional practice as a consequence of the harassment and 29% considered leaving the profession. Stalking by clients is a salient professional issue that requires greater attention to better manage conduct that is potentially damaging to both therapists and clients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obituary: Leonard D. Eron.

Leonard D. Eron, Editor of Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1973-1980), died May 3, 2007, of complications of congestive heart failure, at the age of 87. He also served as associate editor of the American Psychologist (1986-90), and president of the Midwestern Psychological Association (1985-86) and of the International Society for Research on Aggression (1988-90). Dr. Eron's research focused on the causes of aggression, conducting an influential 40-year longitudinal study, as well as many collaborative cross-cultural studies with scholars in Europe. His research on the impact of media violence on children's behavior has been widely recognized. During his years as a professor at Yale University, the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and the University of Michigan, he left his mark on countless students who carry on his tradition of merging research with the public policy applications of psychology. He was a Fulbright Scholar twice, and a member of many professional and governmental panels, including the National Research Council Panel on Understanding and Control of Violence and the American Psychological Association's Commission on Violence and Youth, of which he was the Chair. He was a diplomate of the American Board of Professional Psychology and a fellow of the Academy of Clinical Psychology, the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1980 he was given the APA award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Knowledge; in 1995 he received the American Psychological Foundation's Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest; and in 2003 he received APA's award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Media Psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An experimental examination of two career interventions for battered women.

The authors tested the effectiveness of 2 group career interventions for 73 battered women who were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment conditions or a wait-list control group. Both interventions included the 5 most effective career intervention components identified by S. D. Brown and N. E. Krane (2000), and 1 of the interventions also was designed to enhance critical consciousness (i.e., empowerment for self-protection and awareness of domestic violence impact; P. Freire, 1970; I. Martín-Baró, 1994). Relative to controls, standard participants had higher career-search self-efficacy, and standard-plus participants had higher critical consciousness at posttest. At follow-up, standard-plus participants had higher critical consciousness scores and made more progress toward goal achievement than standard participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptualizing Exposure to Community Violence: An Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

The primary goal of the present study was to demonstrate how the technique of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) could be applied to common measurement issues within the school psychology literature. Specifically, the CFA technique was used to test several alternative factor structures thought to underlie a commonly used measure of exposure to community violence. Data were collected from 242 elementary and middle-school, inner city, African American students. Results illustrate the potential benefits and limitations of applying CFA. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Introduction to the special series.

The topic of violence spans multiple disciplines and areas of research. Even within a given discipline, violence is an arena in which several specialty areas can be enacted. Within our own field, theory and research from experimental, comparative, physiological, developmental, social, clinical, and other areas of psychology can be brought to bear on the topic in significant ways. The purpose of the present series is to highlight a segment of the larger topic by focusing on violence in the home. The goal is to draw general attention to the area and to convey the relevance to our clinical focus. The present articles illustrate significant areas of research rather than systematically represent the full set of ways in which violence in the home may be manifest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prevalences of intimate partner violence in a representative U.S. Air Force sample.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious health concern, but little is known about prevalence of IPV in the armed forces, as military members cope with the pressures of long-standing operations. Furthermore, previous prevalence studies have been plagued by definitional issues; most studies have focused on acts of aggression without consideration of impact (clinically significant [CS] IPV). This is the first large-scale study to examine prevalences of IPV, CS-IPV, and clinically significant emotional abuse (CS-EA) for men and women. Method: A United States Air Force-wide anonymous survey was administered across 82 bases in 2006 (N = 42,744) to assess IPV, CS-IPV, and CS-EA. Results: The adjusted prevalence of CS-IPV perpetration was 4.66% for men and 3.54% for women. Prevalences of IPV perpetration were 12.90% for men and 15.14% for women. CS-EA victimization was 6.00% for men and 8.50% for women. Sociodemographic differences in risk for violence were found for gender, race/ethnicity, pay grade, religious faith, marital status, and career type even after controlling for other demographic variables. Conclusions: Partner maltreatment is widespread in military (and civilian) samples. Men were more likely to perpetrate CS-IPV, whereas women were more likely to perpetrate IPV. Specific demographic risk factors were identified for different types of partner maltreatment (e.g., lower rank predicted higher risk for both perpetration and victimization across men and women). Other sociodemographic differences varied across severity (IPV vs. CS-IPV) and across gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

新离子型添加剂对高镍锂离子电池性能影响研究

研究了一种新离子型负极成膜添加剂2D对NMC811/石墨电池性能的影响,并与当前最常用商业化负极成膜添加剂VC进行对比试验。微分容量dQ/dV显示2D先于EC和VC在2.1 V左右还原,在石墨负极形成较稳定的SEI膜,交流阻抗结果表明含2D成膜阻抗明显低于VC;含2D、VC、2D和VC复合电解液的NMC811/石墨电池的倍率循环、高温存储和高温循环等测试结果表明,含2D电解液电池的石墨负极钝化膜更加稳定,有效提升锂离子电池的循环、存储和倍率性能,60℃存储含2D电池的电压和电阻变化较小,高温循环200周后,不含2D添加剂电池容量损失达15%,含2D电池容量保持率在92%以上。     

Posttraumatic distress and physical functioning: A longitudinal study of injured survivors of community violence.

This study examines the cross-lagged relationships between posttraumatic distress symptoms and physical functioning, using a sample of 413 persons who were hospitalized for injuries resulting from community violence. Posttraumatic distress was assessed at 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months postinjury, and posttraumatic physical functioning was assessed at 3 months and 12 months. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the prospective relationship between posttraumatic distress symptoms and physical functioning while controlling for demographic characteristics and objective measures of injury severity. Results indicate that posttraumatic distress and physical functioning are reciprocally related. Individuals with high levels of psychological distress at 1 week posttrauma have worse physical functioning at 3 months. Psychological distress at 3 months was not significantly associated with subsequent change in physical functioning at 12 months. Individuals with poor physical functioning at 3 months had higher than expected levels of psychological distress at 12 months. These findings demonstrate a reciprocal relationship between physical and mental health following traumatic injury. Interventions targeting physical recovery may influence subsequent mental health, and therapies aimed at improving early mental health may also have long-term benefits for physical recovery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality disorder symptoms and marital functioning.

Pathological personality is strongly linked with interpersonal impairment, yet no study to date has examined the relationship between concurrent personality pathology and dysfunction in marriage--a relationship that most people find central to their lives. In a cross-sectional study of a community sample of married couples (N = 82), the authors used multilevel modeling to estimate the association of self- and spouse-reported symptoms of personality disorder (PD) with levels of marital satisfaction and verbal aggression and perpetration of physical violence. Inclusion of self- and spouse report of total PD symptoms resulted in improved model fit and greater variance explained, with much of the improvement coming after the addition of spouse report. The incremental validity of spouse report for several of the 10 PD scales was supported for marital satisfaction and verbal aggression, particularly for the Borderline and Dependent PD scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)