Effect of creep deformation on Z phase formation in Gr.91 steel

Abstract

In order to make clear the effect of creep deformation on Z phase formation in Gr.91 steel, creep interrupted tests were performed for 10?000, 20?000, 30?000, 50?000 and 70?000 h at 600°C under 70 MPa. The time to rupture was 80?736·8 h at 600°C under 70 MPa. Z phase was observed in the vicinity of prior austenite grain boundaries in the grip and gauge portions after creep deformation for 10?000 h and more. Number density of Z phase particles increased with increasing creep time in the grip and gauge portions. The number densities of MX carbonitrides particles in the grip and gauge portions clearly started to decrease after 30?000 h corresponding to increase in number density of Z phase. In the gauge portion, the number density of MX carbonitrides particles was almost the same as that of Z phase particles after creep rupture, meaning that a large number of MX carbonitrides particles were disappeared. The number density of Z phase particles in the gauge portion was 2·5 times of that in the grip portion after creep rupture. This indicates that creep deformation promotes the Z phase formation.     

Effects of Particle Crushing in Stress Drop-Relaxation Experiments on Crushed Coral Sand

Stress relaxation and stress drop-relaxation tests have been performed to complement a test series performed to study strain rate, creep, and stress drop-creep effects on crushed coral sand. Drained experiments with constant effective confining pressure of 200 kPa were performed in which triaxial specimens of crushed coral sand were loaded to initial stress differences of 500, 700, and 900 kPa, followed by stress drops of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kPa at which points the axial strains were kept constant while the axial stress relaxation and the volumetric strains were observed. The stress drops produced delays in initiation of stress relaxation that were proportional with the magnitudes of the stress drops. The experiments show that sands do not exhibit classic viscous effects, and their behavior is indicated as “nonisotach,” while the typical viscous behavior of clay is termed “isotach.” Thus, there are significant differences in the time-dependent behavior patterns of sands and clay. A mechanistic picture of time effects in sands is proposed.     

Prediction of creep crack growth properties of P91 parent and welded steel using remaining failure strain criteria

Old grades of creep resistant materials such as P11 and P22 have been studied in depth and data and prediction models are available for design and fitness for service assessment of creep rupture, creep crack growth, thermo-mechanical fatigue, etc. However, as the 9%Cr material is relatively new, there is relatively limited data available and understanding with respect to quantifying the effect of variables on life prediction of components fabricated from P91 is more difficult. Since grade P91 steel was introduced in the 1980s as enhanced ferritic steel, it has been used extensively in high temperature headers and steam piping systems in power generating plant. However, evidence from pre-mature weld failures in P91 steel suggests that design standards and guidelines may be non-conservative for P91 welded pressure vessels and piping. Incidences of cracking in P91 welds have been reported in times significantly less than 100,000 h leading to safety and reliability concerns worldwide. This paper provides a review and reanalysis of published information using properties quoted in codes of practice and from recent research data regarding the creep crack growth of P91 steel, and uses existing models to predict its behaviour. Particular areas where existing data are limited in the literature are highlighted. Creep crack growth life is predicted based on short-term uniaxial creep crack growth (CCG) data. Design and assessment challenges that remain in treating P91 weld failures are then addressed in light of the analysis.     

GH169合金疲劳与蠕变裂纹萌生及扩展的微观动态物理过程研究

研究了镍基高温合金GH169的疲劳,疲劳蠕变复合作用下裂纹萌生、扩展的微观动态物理过程,结果表明,高温疲劳裂纹在滑移带与晶界相交处萌生,以晶内驻留滑移带处微裂纹连接方式扩展。疲劳蠕变复合作用下裂纹在垂直于应力轴方向的晶界处萌生,以晶界滑动方式扩展。疲劳蠕变复合作用使裂纹扩展方式由切变型转变为止应变型。晶粒大小对疲劳/蠕变复合作用下材料断裂寿命的影响远大于第二相的作用。晶粒越小,其断裂寿命越长。     

Creep behavior of eutectic Sn-Cu lead-free solder alloy

Tensile creep behavior of precipitation-strengthened, tin-based eutectic Sn-0.7Cu alloy was investigated at three temperatures ranging from 303–393 K. The steady-state creep rates cover six orders of magnitude (10⁻³−10⁻⁸ s⁻¹) under the stress range of σ/E=10⁻⁴−10⁻³. The initial microstructure reveals that the intermetallic compound Cu₆Sn₅ is finely dispersed in the matrix of β-Sn. By incorporating a threshold stress, σ _th, into the analysis, the creep data of eutectic Sn-Cu at all temperatures can be fitted by a single straight line with a slope of 7 after normalizing the steady-state creep rate and the effective stress, indicating that the creep rates are controlled by the dislocation-pipe diffusion in the tin matrix. So the steady-state creep rate, , can be expressed as exp , where Q_c is the activation energy for creep, G is the temperature-dependent shear modulus, b is the Burgers vector, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature, σ is the applied stress, A is a material-dependent constant, and , in which σ _OB is the Orowan bowing stress, and k_R is the relaxation factor. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Effect of Test Piece Size on Rheological Behavior of Wood Composites

The effect of size and the combined effect of the size and moisture sorption of test pieces on the long term creep behavior of wood composites were studied. Small-, wide-, and semisize test pieces from each of three commercial wood composites, particleboard (PB), oriented strand board (OSB), and medium density fiberboard (MDF) were tested. Three exposure regimes, constant 20°C/65%, a single change from 20°C/65% to 20°C/85%, and cyclic changes between 20°C/30% and 20°C/90% relative humidity (RH), were used. It was found that the width of test pieces had no effect while the length had a significant effect on long term behavior of wood composites, but the effect is in contrast to that of short term modulus of rupture (MOR) which ranged from 0.06 to 0.13 for the shape parameter and from 0.09 to 0.26 for the length parameter depending on the types of wood composites. The average ratio of the relative creep (kc) of small-:wide-:semisize was 1.14:1.13:1.00 for PB, 1.26:1.21:1.00 for MDF, and 1.24:1.24:1.00 for OSB, with the shape parameter ranging from 0.04 to 0.19 and the length parameter from 0.13 to 0.26. Change in RH significantly aggravated the size effect on kc with the most significant under cyclic RH, for which the ratio of kc small- to semisize was 1.45 for PB and 1.27 for OSB after 3 months’ exposure. Edge sealing on small test pieces efficiently prevented the effect of moisture sorption but the size effect on kc with a reduction of about 30 and 20%, respectively, for edge sealed PB and OSB in weekly changing climate between 20°C/30% and 20°C/90% RH compared to unsealed small-size test pieces. The findings elucidate the importance to take into account the size effects on short term strength, compensated size effect on long term creep, and the combined effects of size and moisture on long term behavior when predicting the long term load carrying capacity of wood composites in construction.     

蠕变分析的有限元方法

介绍了蠕变分析的基本原理及有限元公式，并将蠕变分析加入参考文献［１］所述的有限元程序，扩充为热弹塑性蠕变分析的有限元程序．文中给出了典型算例．     

800H合金长时间蠕变下的显微组织

对低负荷长时间蠕变试验下800H合金显微组织的研究表明:空洞在晶界M_(23)C_6碳化物的一侧形成,微裂纹通过一连串这样的小空洞而发展;晶界M_(23)C_6碳化物和相邻两晶粒之一有共格关系而与另一晶粒无共格界面,共格界面强化了晶界,这一强化作用可用蠕变激活能的提高来说明,晶界还有G相析出,但未发现合金中有γ'相的形成。合金能长时间保留网状的位错结构,晶界碳化物附近有位错塞积,亚晶界结构发展不充分,这与典型的回复蠕变是不同的。     

汽轮机转子热疲劳的计算方法

本文介绍了转子热疲劳计算方法,从理论上推导了计算额定弹性应力和应力集中系数的公式,阐明了利用通用周期应变特性和短时蠕变特性计算转子热疲劳寿命的步骤。该方法对苏制200、300和500MW机组的寿命计算和寿命管理提供了比较适当的公式。     

Predicting weld creep strength reduction for 9% Cr steels

In design standards and in post-service life assessment, the cross-weld (CW) creep strength of ferritic steels is nearly universally assumed to be 80% of the corresponding value for the parent material (PH). However, CW data assessment of some 9% Cr steels such as E911 and P91 suggests that this would not hold at least at the high temperature end of the testing range. The resulting weld creep strength factor (WSF) is then attaining values well below 0.8 when extrapolated to typical design life of 100 000 h or more. Under such conditions the conventional value of 0.8 would result in non-conservative (too long) predicted life for structures subjected to CW loading in the creep regime.To accommodate the CW strength data for realistic values of WSF requires appropriate correction based on actual data. For this purpose, an alternative assessment approach, rigidity parameter correction (RPC), is proposed. This approach can be used to predict CW rupture strength from the PM master curves, with any PM rupture model optimized to correspond to the welded materials data.