Domestic demand-side response with heat pumps: controls and tariffs

ABSTRACT

Electric heat pumps feature prominently in projected energy transitions in the UK and elsewhere. Owing to their high electricity consumption, heat pumps are viewed as important targets for demand-side response (DSR). Findings are presented from a field trial of a new control system that aims to optimize heat pump performance, including under time-varying tariff conditions. The trial involved monitoring 76 properties with heat pumps, but without dedicated heat storage; 31 of these received the control system. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of 12 participants. The controller successfully evened out electricity demand over the day (reducing the evening peak), but this was associated with increased late night and daytime temperatures. Interview participants reported some disturbance owing to overnight heating and noise, as well as usability issues with the controller interface and hardware. These issues present risks to the future acceptability of such systems. While the system delivered short-term demand reductions successfully, longer-term demand shifting risked causing unacceptable disturbance to occupants. Future control systems could overcome some of the issues identified in this pioneering trial through more effective zoning, using temperature caps or installing dedicated heat storage, but these may either limit the available flexibility or be challenging to achieve.     

Novel high-energy ionic molecules deriving from new monovalent and divalent 4-oxyl-3,5-dinitropyrazolate moieties

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the exploration of a practical strategy for novel energetic molecules with high energy and low sensitivity is very desirable but highly challenging. Novel ionic energetic molecules have attracted much attention in this area due to their prominent advantages including low sensitivities, high thermal stability, and excellent energy performances. Herein, five different ionic energetic molecules based on new monovalent and divalent 4-oxyl-3,5-dinitropyrazolate moieties with enhanced oxygen balance have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated as potential high-energy materials. Thermal stability, sensitivities and energy output test were measured and studied in detail. The heats of formation and energetic parameters were calculated by using Gaussian 09 suite of programs and EXPLO 5 code. The results suggest that all as-prepared new molecules exhibit good thermal stability with high decomposition temperature (3, 231°C; 5, 160°C; 6, 185°C; 7, 180°C; 8, 213°C), and relative low sensitivity (IS > 20 J, FS = 324 N). Inheriting the significant oxygen content of monovalent and divalent 4-oxyl-3,5-dinitropyrazolate moieties, they also possess good energy properties (v _D = 8238 ~ 9208 m s^?1, P = 26.8 ~ 36.7 GPa, V _o = 481.8 ~ 959.4 L kg^?1), which make them competitive high-energy materials.     

湘西地区开发建设中的主要环境问题及保护对策

简要介绍了湖南湘西地区开发建设的基本概况，开发建设中存在的主要环境问题及保护对策。     

清洁生产

阐述清洁生产的重要性，清洁生产的概念、方法以及清洁生产的全过程。     

西部传统牧区农村能源消费研究

根据资料,分析了西部传统牧区生产和生活用能源消费的数量和结构特点,得出农牧区传统能源中畜粪、秸秆和煤炭一直是最主要的能源,能源使用呈现明显的地域特征,新能源和清洁能源使用量少、比例小等特点,总结出该区能源利用的典型特征,并对这一区域农村能源的未来发展趋势做了预测.     

钻井(进)中的环保问题

讨论了钻井(进)过程中各环节出现的对环境的影响，提出了相应的对策。虽然各环节对环境的影响看起来不大，但总量和长时间对环境的破坏作用将会很大，希望能引起大家行动起来保护环境。     

浮选气泡矿化机理研究

简要阐述了浮选过程中气泡矿化的形式及阶段,解析了气泡和矿粒表面的粘附机理以及其过程中受热力学、动力学和时间分布等因素的影响,深入地了解气泡在三相体系中的矿化机理,为今后对浮选工艺的改进提供了基本依据.     

基于产业结构演进的云南省节能潜力分析

改革开放以来,云南省国民经济和各项社会事业进入快速发展时期,然而也面临着严峻的能源问题。在工业化快速推进的同时,一次能源的消费总量也快速增长。本文通过产业结构演进-能源消费关联模型和产业结构演进-单位GDP能耗模型的构建,分析建国以来云南省一次能源消费总量与产业结构演进之间的关系,并通过对以上模型的具体分析,判断今后云南省能源消费的趋势及节能潜力。     

浅议地方矿产资源管理

根据阿拉善左旗矿产资源开发利用现状及存在的问题，提出了加强宣传、合理规划、加大监督管理力度、加强地矿机构建设等建议。