Results of the ASTM field test of tristimulus weighting functions

In 1993, the American Society for Testing and Materials carried out a field test of newly calculated tristimulus weighting factors. These weighting factors had been calculated by a method proposed by Venable. the test also included a method of correction for bandpass dependence put forth by Stearns. the purpose of the trial was to assess the possible reduction in bandpass dependence introduced by each of these sets of weights. A large number of sets of spectral data were gathered from the cooperators in the field test. Results of integration by the various sets of tristimulus weighting factors were calculated. A total of 15 120 color differences were calculated and statistics were derived to test the probable error resulting from each method of correction. Errors attributable to bandpass dependence were on the order of a few tenths to as much as one CIELAB unit when uncorrected weight sets were used. These errors could be reduced to a few hundreths of a CIELAB unit, and in some cases to a few thousandths of a unit, by employing one correcting strategy or the other. an overall mix of strategies was ultimately chosen to minimize the bandpass dependence over the entire range of weight sets. Utilizing this mixed strategy, the median error introduced into 10-nm integration by bandpass dependence was only 0.004 CIELAB units. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Limit load and shakedown analysis of plastic structures under stochastic uncertainty

Problems from plastic analysis are based on the convex, linear or linearised yield/strength condition and the linear equilibrium equation for the stress (state) vector. In practice one has to take into account stochastic variations of several model parameters. Hence, in order to get robust maximum load factors, the structural analysis problem with random parameters must be replaced by an appropriate deterministic substitute problem. A direct approach is proposed based on the primary costs for missing carrying capacity and the recourse costs (e.g. costs for repair, compensation for weakness within the structure, damage, failure, etc.). Based on the mechanical survival conditions of plasticity theory, a quadratic error/loss criterion is developed. The minimum recourse costs can be determined then by solving an optimisation problem having a quadratic objective function and linear constraints. For each vector a(·) of model parameters and each design vector x, one obtains then an explicit representation of the “best” internal load distribution F^∗. Moreover, also the expected recourse costs can be determined explicitly. Consequently, an explicit stochastic nonlinear program results for finding a robust maximal load factor μ^∗. The analytical properties and possible solution procedures are discussed.     

埃塞俄比亚ADAMA风电工程风机吊装进度的主要影响因素及对策综述

总结了埃塞俄比亚ADAMA风电项目风机吊装施工进度的主要影响因素,如:风速、机位间道路、物流、货损的修复进度等,并提出了相应解决措施。在国外工程实践中,合理控制了工期,有效降低了工程成本,取得了良好效果。     

Does the ‘forbidden zone’ for sleep onset influence morning shift sleep duration?

Shiftwork researchers have concentrated on the problems on the night shift, and have tended to neglect the truncation of sleep that can occur before morning, or ‘early’, shifts. We examined the sleep timing and duration between morning shifts of shiftworkers on a variety of shift systems. The extent of morning shift sleep truncation depended very largely on the time at which individuals had to leave home. Further, there was some suggestive evidence that the failure of individuals to compensate by going to sleep earlier was not simply due to social pressures to stay up. Rather it would appear to have depended, at least in part, on the biological clock determined ‘forbidden zone’ for sleep that occurs shortly before habitual sleep onset.     

纤维缠绕外压容器稳定性最佳铺层分析

在纤维缠绕压力容器设计中，纤维缠绕的方向及各方向纤维用量配比是关键问题。过去的研究中，这一问题一直没能得到很好地解决，特别是各方向纤维用量问题。本文在文献［１～４］的基础上，以加权因子和铺设角为参量给出了对称多层正交各向异性外压容器筒体失稳的最佳铺层理论值。得出了加权因子ｓ取最佳值的范围为０＜ｓ＜０．２５的结论。文中算例表明，按最佳取值给出的临界压力较其它情况有较大幅度的提高。     

Mitigation of Damages to Electric Utilities Due to High Winds

Extreme winds, hurricanes, and tornadoes produce significant damage to electrical transmission and distribution line structures. The damage produces loss of power to the affected communities for a variable length of time, depending on severity of damage. Most institutions whose operations would be life threatening in the event of power failure have emergency power. However, loss of power to both residences and businesses can have economic impact on the community in the form of temporary housing shortages and loss of business. Utility companies seem to cope with wind damage fairly well, following risk management procedures in designing for wind and in providing alternate routing for distribution lines. However, continuing research and developments are needed to keep abreast of the problem.     

喷射式凝汽器传热性能影响因素分析

空冷机组是解决富煤贫水地区电力工业发展问题的有效措施,近年来在国内外发展迅速。作为海勒式间接空冷系统的关键设备,喷射式凝汽器的性能与整个空冷机组的性能直接相关。介绍了国内外喷射式凝汽器的研究现状,分析了影响喷射式凝汽器传热性能的主要因素。     

高强碳纤维束丝拉伸性能测试影响因素的研究

研究了3K,6K和12K碳纤维束丝拉伸性能测试过程中的一些影响因素,包括与样品制备相关的胶液浓度、胶液种类、张力、环境湿度以及测试时的拉伸速率。研究结果表明,碳纤维的拉伸性能测试与样品制备及测试过程中的实验条件有很大关系。胶液浓度较低时（〈25％）,纤维拉伸强度比正常值偏低。比较了环氧6101和环氧648两种树脂作胶液的情况,前者得到的碳纤维拉伸强度更高。样品固化时施加合适的张力可得到较高的拉伸性能。另外,样品制备时,随着相对湿度的增加,测得的碳纤维拉伸强度逐渐降低。随拉伸速率的增加,碳纤维的拉伸模量逐渐增加。     

多技术状态产品性能可靠性仿真评估方法研究

针对某产品空投试验时多状态、小样本的特点,提出了一种基于正态环境因子的性能可靠性仿真评估方法。运用仿真技术获得了环境因子的仿真结果,利用环境因子将分散在不同空投条件下的试验数据折算到某一典型工况下,得到了较客观的产品入水可靠性评估结果。