Structural,optical and electrical properties of Cu2FeSnSe4 and Cu(In,Al)Se2 thin films

Cu-based semiconductors Cu₂FeSnSe₄ (CFTSe) and Cu(In, Al)Se₂ (CIAS) have been fabricated using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering combined with rapid thermal selenization processing. For CFTSe, the heating rate ranging from 60 to 150 °C/min results in a difference in structure, morphology and optical properties. Thin film exhibits a pure phase structure, smooth surface and a band gap of 1.19 eV as the heating rate elevated to 90 °C/min. Furthermore, the CFTSe thin film selenized at 90 °C/min own the smallest value of cell volume compared with the others samples, which represents a more stable structure. In terms of the other Cu-based material CIAS, three different selenization pressures, i.e., 1, 5 and 10 Torr, have been employed for CIAS preparation. Thin film transforms into single phase with dense morphology along with the pressure of 1 Torr. The diverse band gap of CIAS thin films from 1.34 to 2.18 eV attribute to two reasons: (i) the various Al content will affect the hybridization degree of Al–Se, and finally tunes the band structure, (ii) amounts of CuSe has a certain degree of effect on the band gap of the CIAS. In addition, the electrical properties of CFTSe and CIAS are also researched with the open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 94 and 365 mV, respectively, signifying potential applications of CFTSe and CIAS for the thin film solar cells.     

桥梁耐候钢Q345qNH在模拟西北大气环境中的腐蚀行为

目的 通过模拟西北大气环境对桥梁耐候钢腐蚀行为的影响,为西北地区桥梁钢耐蚀性能的研究提供理论依据。方法 选取除冰盐介质、NaHSO3介质、混合介质三种腐蚀介质进行干湿交替加速腐蚀实验,并采用扫描电镜+能谱、X射线衍射、电化学测试等方法,分析了Q345qNH钢在三种模拟大气环境中的腐蚀形貌、锈层特征及结构、腐蚀产物及锈层的电化学保护性。结果 Q345qNH钢在三种介质中腐蚀144 h后,腐蚀速率均明显下降,在288~480 h间,NaHSO3介质中的腐蚀速率下降趋势约是混合介质中的1.5倍、除冰盐介质中的3.8倍。三种腐蚀介质中,锈层成分均含有α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、Fe3O4,在除冰盐介质和混合介质中还会生成大量的不稳定β-FeOOH和可溶性FeOCl腐蚀产物,锈层疏松不稳定。此外,在NaHSO3介质中,自腐蚀电位Ecorr最高,自腐蚀电流密度Jcorr最低;除冰盐介质和混合介质中,Ecorr差别不大,但混合介质Jcorr<除冰盐介质Jcorr。对比腐蚀480 h的带锈样,稳态腐蚀区的阳极溶解电流密度有：除冰盐介质≈混合介质>NaHSO3介质。结论 Q345qNH钢在除冰盐介质中,各离子之间相互耦合,难以形成致密的保护性锈层,经过长时间的腐蚀过程,危害性最大;在NaHSO3介质中,外锈层元素富集,形成致密、稳定的保护性锈层;在除冰盐+NaHSO3混合介质中生成的锈层,其稳定性、致密性介于前两种介质中的锈层之间。     

基于离子液体协同法的双交联结构细菌纤维素/聚丙烯酰胺凝胶聚合物电解质构建

为实现凝胶电解质性能间的平衡,以氧化细菌纤维素为基体,分别采用3种阴离子类咪唑型离子液体与其实现离子交联,同时将丙烯酰胺在交联体中进行原位自由基聚合,制备细菌纤维素/聚丙烯酰胺双交联结构的凝胶聚合物电解质。其中阴离子类咪唑型离子液体分别是1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(EMIMBF₄)、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(EMIMPF₆)和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐(EMIMTFSI),在构筑双交联结构凝胶聚合物电解质中起到了关键的协同作用。结果表明：在以EMIMBF₄为协同剂时,制备的凝胶聚合物电解质具有最优的力学性能和离子电导率;断裂伸长率为38.36%,拉伸强度为175.25 kPa,离子电导率达到20.16 mS/cm。     

Flexoelectric response of (1-x)BaTiO3-xSrTiO3 ceramics

The measured flexoelectric response of ferroelectric ceramics is usually several orders of magnitude larger than the theoretically calculated response, causing the controversy about the magnitude of the intrinsic response of flexoelectricity in the materials. In order to understand this issue, the temperature-dependent flexoelectric response of (1-x)BaTiO₃-xSrTiO₃ (BST) ceramics were measured. We show that near the Curie temperature (T_c), BST ceramics exhibit the highest flexoelectric response, which is much larger than the intrinsic response calculated theoretically. The response becomes lower at the temperature above or below T_c. The flexoelectric response that is consistent with the theoretical value can only be measured at a temperature much above T_c. Below T_c, the flexoelectric response is also much higher than the theoretical value because of the effect of some extrinsic mechanisms including the surface effect. Our study provides important experimental results to understand the mechanisms of flexoelectric response of ferroelectric ceramics and resolve the controversy about the magnitude of the intrinsic flexoelectric response of the materials.     

Tunable microwave absorption properties of nickel-carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning

The nickel-carbon nanofibers (Ni-C NFs) were fabricated by the electrospinning of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and nickel acetate tetrahydrate (NiAc) solution precursor with succedent PVA pyrolyzation and calcination process. The microwave absorption performance and electromagnetic (EM) parameters of the NFs were researched over the frequency range of 2.0–18.0?GHz. Both the impedance matching and EM wave absorption properties of the Ni-C NFs were improved by changing the carbonization temperature. The effect of graphitization degree on reflection loss (RL) and the possible loss mechanisms were directly displayed in the comparative study of each sample. The optimal RL value of ??44.9?dB and an effective frequency bandwidth of 3.0?GHz under a thickness of 3.0?mm can be reached by a sample calcined at 650?°C. These lightweight Ni-C NFs composites can be promising candidates for EM wave absorbers due to the combination of multiple loss mechanisms, nano-size effect and good impedance matching between Ni nanoparticles and CNFs.     

Sodium bismuth titanate-based lead-free RAINBOW piezoelectric devices

The piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are normally lower than those of lead oxide-based ceramics. In order to enhance the electromechanical performance of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, an asymmetric chemical reduction was applied to sodium bismuth titanate (NBT)-based piezoelectric ceramics. Similar to the lead-containing ceramics, a curvature structure can be induced by the reduction in the NBT-based materials and lead-free RAINBOW (reduced and internally biased oxide wafer) devices can be fabricated. A large displacement (approximately 17 μm) under an electric field of 900 V/mm and high piezoelectric sensitivity (>4000 pC/N) under a stress, which are related to the reduction induced curvature, can be measured in the NBT-based devices. The apparent piezoelectric response of the lead-free RAINBOW devices is comparable to that of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃-based devices. We proposed that apart from the piezoelectric properties, flexoelectric effect could also be a contributing mechanism for the observed apparent piezoelectric response in RAINBOW devices.     

Ambient and elevated temperature mechanical properties of hot-pressed fused silica matrix composite

The ambient and elevated temperature mechanical properties of two kinds of hot-pressed fused silica matrix composites, SiO₂+5 vol.% Si₃N₄ and SiO₂+5 vol.% Si₃N₄+ 10 vol.% C_f, were investigated. Si₃N₄ additions greatly enhanced the ambient strength and fracture toughness, while, further incorporation of chopped carbon fibers only but sharply increased the fracture toughness value from 1.22 to 2.4 MPa m^1/2. The strength of the two composites synchronously exhibited anomalous gains at certain elevated temperature range especially from 1000 to 1200 °C, and reached their maximum values at 1000 °C, 168.9 and 130.6 MPa, which were 77.0 and 77.4% higher than their ambient strength, respectively. The two composites exhibited catastrophic fracture even at 1000 °C, but manifested prominent plastic deformation at 1200 °C and usually no fracture occurred during the strength test. Vickers’ indentation crack propagation behavior, combined with fractographs studies, suggested that toughening from carbon fiber was attributed primarily to the fiber bridging, pull-out and crack deflection.     

Delayed failure of ceramic matrix composites in tension at elevated temperatures

Ultimate tensile strength of five different continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including SiC_f/BSAS (two dimensional (2D), 2 types), SiC_f/MAS (2D), SiC_f/SiC (2D), and C_f/SiC (2D, 2 types), was determined as a function of test rate at 1100–1200 °C in air. All five CMCs exhibited a significant dependency of ultimate tensile strength on test rate such that the ultimate tensile strength decreased with decreasing test rate. The dependency of ultimate tensile strength on test rate, the applicability of preload technique, and the predictability of life from one loading configuration (constant stress-rate loading) to another (constant stress loading) all suggested that the overall, phenomenological delayed failure of the CMCs would be governed by a power-law type of slow crack growth.     

Effects of returns on composition,microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4169 superalloy

To recycle the returned alloy effectively, effects of returns proportion on alloy composition, microstructure and compression properties of superalloy GH4169 were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and thermal-mechanical simulator. The results show that returns addition has no significant effect on the main alloy elements content and the principle precipitates, but increases the volume fraction of Al_2O_3 inclusions, resulting in the increase of oxygen level of GH4169 alloy. Returns addition does not change the elastic and plastic deformation process at room temperature or at 1,150 °C, but high returns proportion GH4169 alloy shows improved compression strength and yield strength. The alloy with 100% returns shows a maximum compression strength 1,153.45 MPa at room temperature, while the alloy with 80% returns has a maximum value 69.3 MPa at 1,150 °C. Returns addition increases fluctuation range and reduces the stability of yield strength and compression strength of GH4169 alloy at room temperature. It is noted that the volume fraction and the size of Al_2O_3, and the fraction of Laves phase reach their maximum values in the GH4169 alloy with 60% returns, which exhibits maximum yield strength of 516.65 MPa at room temperature and 62.17 MPa at 1,150 °C.