On the capacitance of n-V2O5/p-Si heterojunctions

The capacitance and a.c. conductance of n-V ₂O₅/p-Si heterojunctions were investigated in the frequency range from 5 × 10³ to 10⁵ Hz. Plots of C^-2 against the reverse bias U yielded two straight lines for a given frequency. Both the capacitance and the slopes of the straight lines showed a frequency dependence. A break in the straight lines of C^-2versus U curves was interpreted as due tothe total depletion of the thin V ₂O₅ layer at a certain reverse bias. It was shown that the frequency dependence of the capacitance was due to the effect of minority carriers in the depletion layer of silicon and to the effect of interface states. Equations are given to describe the capacitance under reverse bias. The existence of an SiO₂ layer of thickness 2.3 × 10^-9 m was obtained from the saturation value of the capacitance measured under forward bias. From the results of the measurements, the concentrations of donors and acceptors and of surface states, the energy band diagram and other parameters of the heterojunction were determined.     

Electrochemical behaviour of the tin anode in alkaline-stannate plating baths

In order to determine the conditions for tin plating, the anodic oxidation and passivation of tin have been investigated in sodium stannate solution in the absence and in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Both galvano-static and potentiostatic techniques were used. It was found that the passivation of this electrode is a complex process consisting of several steps. The passivation time increases with increasing stannate concentration and with decreasing current density. Addition of sodium hydroxide to the bath increases the passivation time. At low current densities and high alkali concentrations, passivation does not occur and the anode remains active and dissolves continuously as stannite.X-ray diffraction and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) examination confirmed the existence of tin(II) and tin(IV) oxides and hydroxides in the passive films formed potentiostatically in sodium stannate solutions in the absence and in the presence of sodium hydroxide.     

Thermo-optical characterization of CdZnS nanoparticle colloids

Thermo-optical properties of cadmium zinc sulfide (CdZnS) nanoparticle colloids are investigated by interferometry technique. The nanoparticle colloids are synthesized by an improved co-precipitation method. Transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis are used to characterize the CdZnS nanocrystals. The thermo-optic coefficient of the colloids has been determined using a Fizeau interferometer. For this purpose, the interference patterns are deformed by a photothermal phase shift which is locally induced in the sample by the focused pump laser beam. The change in the refractive index at this region imposes a shift on the phase of the fringe patterns. Fourier analysis performed on the interference patterns allows us to estimate the values of the thermo-optic coefficient and nonlinear refractive index of the sample. It is shown that the CdZnS nanoparticle colloids enhance the absorption of the laser light and induce high rise in the temperature of the sample, which leads to the nonlinear phase shift.     

Recent progress in high efficiency polymer solar cells by rational design and energy level tuning of low bandgap copolymers with various electron-withdrawing units

AbstractThis review collects recent five-year publications on low bandgap semiconducting polymers, which are composed of electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) units, exhibiting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) higher than 6%. When the photovoltaic performances of different types of D−A semiconducting copolymers are compared after the copolymers are classified into several categories according to the type of A-units, it is realized that diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based copolymers exhibit high J_SCs owing to low bandgaps and low V_OCs due to high-lying HOMO levels, while thienopyrroledione (TPD)-based copolymers exhibit high V_OCs due to their deep HOMO levels and low J_SCs because of wide bandgaps. Benzothiadiazole- and thienothiophene-based copolymers show intermediate values of V_OC and J_SC between DPP- and TPD-based ones. For further enhancement of photovoltaic performance, DPP-based copolymers may be designed to have deeper HOMO level with the minimum widening of bandgap while TPD-based polymers may be designed to have lower bandgap with the minimum rise of HOMO level. Hence, the energy level tuning must be considered so as to minimize the adverse effect.     

Superhydrophobic concrete surfaces with integrated microtexture

Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is characterized by a densely packed mix-design, which can offer attractive surface properties for architectural building facades. A technical challenge for aesthetic applications is the protection against fouling. This work demonstrates that water-repellent concrete can be obtained just after demoulding by replicating the features of micro-pillared moulds made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Moreover, the negative replica of the microtextured UHPC surface can be used as a master to template for other UHPC samples, constituting a cost-effective route to fabricate large-scale microtextured concrete pieces. The chemical functionalization of UHPC with a low surface energy material is obtained by transferring residues from the PDMS mould or by spraying siloxane-based compounds to form a homogenous surface film. The latter preparation method showed superhydrophobic properties with static contact angles reaching up to 164° and contact angle hysteresis reaching as low as 2.5°. This process enables the manufacture of water-repelling, self-cleaning concrete. Raindrops slide off the concrete surface, carrying debris away.     

乙内酰脲体系无氰电镀镉工艺

目的开发一种新型的无氰镀镉工艺,替代传统的氰化镀镉。方法以海因和柠檬酸为主、辅络合剂,通过选用光亮剂和表面活性剂获得无氰镀镉工艺配方,优化pH值、电流密度和温度等工艺参数。按规定的方法测试镀液的分散能力、深镀能力。利用SEM、三维显微镜观察镀层的微观形貌,通过极化曲线和循环伏安曲线讨论镀液的极化度和成膜机理,利用塔尔菲尔曲线和点滴实验测试其耐蚀性。结果镉电沉积是通过\"成核/生长\"机理进行的,乙内酰脲体系无氰镀镉双络合剂协同作用明显,镀液极化能力强。与氰化镀镉相比,该工艺电流效率提高20%,沉积速率提高30%,分散能力可达89%以上,镀液深镀能力和镀层结合力检验合格,镀层表面光亮细致,钝化膜彩虹色明显。无氰镀镉层耐蚀性优于氰化镀镉层,与氰化镀镉钝化层相比,钝化封闭后,自腐蚀电流密度降低至之前的1/15,耐蚀性显著提高。结论该配方及工艺条件为:硫酸镉30～50 g/L,硫酸钠60～100 g/L,乙内酰脲60～70 g/L,柠檬酸20～40 g/L,光亮剂1～3 g/L,表面活性剂1～3g/L,pH=5～6,温度15～35℃。镀液镀层各项性能优越,完全可以替代氰化镀镉工艺用于我国飞机和航空发动机钢结构的防护。     

高铌γ-TiAl合金表面微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的耐蚀性及高温氧化行为

利用微弧氧化技术（MAO）在硅酸钠和氢氧化钾溶液中对高铌γ-TiAl合金表面原位生长陶瓷涂层以提高γ-TiAl合金的抗高温氧化性能。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、电化学工作站和箱式电阻炉高温氧化测试分析涂层的表面及截面形貌、相组成、元素化学结合状态、耐蚀性和高温氧化行为。XRD和XPS结果表明,陶瓷涂层主要由Al₂TiO₅、SiO₂和Nb₂O₅组成。涂层与基体界面结合良好,厚度约2.15 μm。高铌γ-TiAl合金经微弧氧化处理后,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电流降低近1个数量级。微弧氧化处理试样在800~900 ℃中的氧化增重仅为基体的8.9%~37.5%。微弧氧化陶瓷涂层将基体的氧化激活能从247.79 kJ/mol增加到涂层试样的574.41 kJ/mol。     

纳米氧化锌掺杂对多孔聚氨酯薄膜表面结构和性能的影响

目的 通过纳米氧化锌(nano-ZnO)掺杂制备规整有序、分布均匀的蜂窝状多孔聚氨酯薄膜,并改善多孔薄膜表面的润湿性和热稳定性.方法 利用nano-ZnO的极性分子特性,以溶液共混的方式将TPU用四氢呋喃(THF)溶解,添加nano-ZnO颗粒进行混合,采用微液滴模板法固化成膜,制备不同掺杂比例的nano-ZnO/TP...     

Ti2AlNb合金微弧氧化电解液优化及耐磨性研究

目的优化Ti_2AlNb合金微弧氧化的电解液配方,提高Ti_2AlNb合金微弧氧化膜的耐磨性。方法借助SEM、EDS、XRD研究硅酸盐-磷酸盐电解液体系中Na_2MoO_4浓度对Ti_2AlNb合金微弧氧化膜形貌、成分及相结构的影响。利用CFT-I型磨损试验机测试不同微弧氧化膜的摩擦磨损性能。结果电解液中添加Na_2MoO_4后,微弧氧化膜的生长速率增加,膜层中出现了Mo元素且含量也逐渐增加。Na_2MoO_4的加入降低了Ti_2AlNb合金微弧氧化膜的摩擦系数及比磨损率,但微弧氧化膜的耐磨性并非随Na_2MoO_4含量线性提高。含6 g/L Na_2MoO_4的体系中,微弧氧化膜摩擦系数低至0.25左右,比磨损率仅为1.20×10~(-3) mm~3/(N·m),表面呈轻微磨粒磨损特征。结论电解液中的Na_2MoO_4参与了成膜过程,对Ti_2AlNb合金微弧氧化膜的生长有显著的促进作用,有效地改善了Ti_2AlNb合金微弧氧化膜的耐磨性。     

化学镀镍层缓蚀工艺研究

目的提高化学镀Ni-P镀层的耐蚀性能。方法在钢铁基体表面化学镀Ni-P镀层,采用植酸、硅酸钠、钼酸铵和双氧水中的一种或多种复配对镀层进行钝化处理。通过硝酸点滴法、贴滤纸法分析镀层耐蚀性的变化,并通过正交实验确定四种物质复配的最佳浓度。结果以植酸、硅酸钠、钼酸铵和双氧水为主要成分配制的复合缓蚀剂能使镀层耐硝酸效果良好,电化学实验表明,复合钝化膜的腐蚀电流密度降低和阻抗值增加都超过1个数量级。结论所研究的复合缓蚀剂各组分间存在协同效应,最佳配方为:6 g/L植酸,6 g/L硅酸钠,4 g/L钼酸铵,30 mL/L双氧水。