Characterization of Tomato Pulp Stickiness during Spray Drying using a Contact Probe Method

A contact probe test was developed to characterize the surface stickiness of a tomato pulp droplet at various moisture contents and temperatures. To provide tomato pulp samples with different moisture contents, tomato powder produced by a laboratory spray dryer was wetted to seven different moisture levels. The instantaneous tensile force curve was recorded during the probe withdrawal from which the maximum tensile force and other useful information were obtained and cross-examined against images of bonding, debonding, and failure of the material. Generally, at higher moisture contents tomato pulp exhibited cohesive failure followed by semi-adhesive failure, but when moisture content decreased to a certain level, a peak tensile pressure was observed and the failure was adhesive. In addition, higher temperatures shifted the points of adhesive failure toward lower moisture content.     

Bruchanalyse an Hohlgläsern

Failure analysis of hollow glasses The failure analysis is very important to clarify damages of hollow glasses. Damages of glass bottle through over pressure are very often linked with damages to persons. This is the reason why the causal research is from particular importance. Different surface characteristics of glass fragments as well as the fracture pattern give hints to the direction of the crack, the stress just before breakage and the reason of stress. A reconstruction of the bottle is a further helpful instrument for cause studies. The difference of the various characteristics of the surface will be explained. Further on there will be discussed different reasons and mechanism of fracture.     

Influence of Drying Conditions on Ascorbic Acid during Convective Drying of Whole Persimmons

Degradation kinetics of food constituents may be related to the matrix molecular mobility by glass transition temperature. Our objective was to test this approach to describe ascorbic acid degradation during drying of persimmons in an automatically controlled tray dryer with temperatures (40 to 70°C) and air velocities (0.8 to 2.0 m/s) varying according a second order central composite design. The Williams-Landel-Ferry model was satisfactorily adjusted to degradation curves for both control strategies adopted—constant air temperature and temperature fixed inside the fruit. Degradation rates were higher at higher drying temperatures, independent of the necessary time to attain the desired moisture content.     

A scheduling decision aid in glass fiber manufacturing

A decision aid for scheduling production in glass fiber manufacturing industry is described. The methodology combines a linear programming (LP) optimization model with a heuristic model. The LP model determines production goals; the heuristic model then uses the LP output to incorporate system-specific constraints in developing processing sequences.     

氧气在浮法玻璃生产中的应用

介绍了国内某玻璃厂浮法玻璃熔窑使用氧气助燃的一次尝试,简介了其中底烧法的使用方法、过程和效果,列举了有待改进的内容。     

Rare-earth doped sol-gel derived oxyfluoride glass-ceramics: Structural and optical characterization

Glass-ceramics containing RE³⁺-doped BaF₂ nanocrystals (RE = Eu, Sm, Dy, Ho and Pr) with the size below 10 nm size have been made by using the controlled crystallization at higher temperatures of the RE³⁺-doped SiO₂-BaF₂ xerogels. Photoluminescence measurements have indicated the incorporation of the RE³⁺ ions in both silica network and in the BaF₂ nanocrystals. Thermoluminescence measurements have shown a peak whose position depends on the nature of RE³⁺-dopant as it follows: 140 °C (for Ho³⁺, Dy³⁺), 340 °C (for Sm³⁺) and 370 °C (for Eu³⁺); in Eu³⁺-doped SiO₂ glass the TL peak is shifted to 383 °C. The peaks in glass-ceramics were assigned to the recombination of the electrons thermal released from the RE³⁺-electron traps located in both glass-matrix and BaF₂ nanocrystals. Within the series the trivalent lanthanide ions act as increasingly deeper electron trapping centres.     

Extruded tellurite glass optical fiber preforms

The extrusion behavior of tellurite glass in the supercooled liquid region was investigated. Good extrusion formability was observed under low strain rates at various temperatures in the glass transformation region investigated. Tube and holey fiber (HF) preforms were fabricated from tellurite glass billets using a laboratory press. In particular, the results for three-spoke HF design and round tube preforms with composition 75TeO₂·20ZnO·5Na₂O (TZN) are presented. The extruded preforms with precise geometrical features, an excellent surface quality and no crystallization were achieved in the temperatures range from 344 to 360 °C and at ram speeds ranging from 0.002 to 0.01 mm/s. Discrete shear bands were observed in the preforms, increasing in number and/or becoming better defined with increasing load and ram speed. Fewer shear bands were present when increasing the extrusion temperature from 344 to 360 °C. Thus, subsequent extrudates were successfully fabricated free of shear bands, providing good optical homogeneity that yielded solid and holey fibers that could provide much improved optical performance.     

Structure inhibited pit initiation in a Ni-Nb metallic glass

A model metallic glass Ni₅₀Nb₅₀, which would undergo a polymorphous transformation during devitrification, was selected to clarify the correlation of amorphous structure with corrosion. The electrochemical polarization behaviour, film breakdown and composition of surface film have been studied in detail by comparing the amorphous alloy with its crystalline counterparts. Interestingly, it was found that the pit initiation is inhibited greatly on amorphous sample relative to the crystallized one. The origin is thought to be related to the defective interface beneath passive film that inhibits the formation of pitting precursors in corrosion.     

半导体封装中的可视化技术

树脂传递模封装是广泛使用的可靠性量产性均好的半导体封装方法。但随着封装体（PACKAGE）尺寸的日益薄型化和多腿化,不可避免地会发生与树脂在模腔中流动状态有关的空隙等使制品失效的不良模式。这样,通过观察树脂流动状态及对空隙的分布进行研究,对于研究空隙发生机理从而抑制空隙发生具有重要意义。本文将着重介绍两种新的研究实验方法：（1）应用玻璃嵌入式新型可视化模具观察树脂在模腔中的流动状态;（2）采用超声波探查图像装置（简称SAT）进行树脂封装体内部的观察。     

玻璃、陶瓷表面Ni-P化学镀研究

在普通平板玻璃和空心陶瓷基材表面沉积Ni-P合金。对镀液成分及用量、温度、pH值、施镀时间等工艺参数用均匀设计进行组合筛选,获得可沉积光亮Ni-P镀层的中低温酸性玻璃基体Ni-P化学镀工艺:NiSO4.7H2O30gL-1,NaH2PO2.H2O22gL-1,琥珀酸36gL-1,添加剂A2mgL-1,温度48～50℃,pH值5.8～6.0;对玻璃表面化学镀镍进行改进获得了空心陶瓷表面高温酸性Ni-P化学镀工艺:NiSO4.7H2O29gL-1,NaH2PO2.H2O38gL-1,琥珀酸36gL-1,添加剂A2mgL-1;,温度90±1℃,pH值5.5～6.0。玻璃表面镀层表面质量良好、光亮、平整,有较好结合力;有效沉积时间达到15min时,空心陶瓷表面镀层表面质量良好,与陶瓷表面有较好结合力。