Investigating the Social Dimensions of Transport Disadvantage II: From Concepts to Methods through an Empirical Case Study

This article is the second of two papers that review the field of spatially sensitive social scientific research into the links between social status and transport disadvantage. The first paper undertook a comprehensive review of the social scientific and transport planning literature to mark the level of development in the field and identify conceptual and methodological issues and constraints in this field of inquiry. The present article supports the advancement of socially and geographically sensitive transport research by opportunities for the development of more sophisticated spatial analytical methodologies. The approach we present is able to account for factors not previously addressed in either social or transport planning research, in particular the temporal dimensions of transport service accessibility. The article articulates the methodology through an empirical case study of socio-spatial transport disadvantage within the Gold Coast City. The article demonstrates that there are important theoretical and practical lessons to be gained for researchers and policy makers in addressing the social dimensions of transport and infrastructure provision. Further, the article argues that an attentiveness to new ways of combining and representing social and transport data-sets can promote policy relevant empirical social inquiry. The article also contributes in a productive way to the empirical knowledge of Australia's sixth-largest metropolitan area, which is often overlooked by urban scholars.     

国内信息无障碍的现状及展望

介绍了信息无障碍的历史沿革、国际信息无障碍的发展过程以及国内信息无障碍的现状,阐述了信息无障碍的社会意义和应用价值,列举了视障人士存在的信息获取障碍和需求范围,对信息无障碍的应用前景进行了展望,并提出信息无障碍对于需求群体、企业和研究机构、政府三者各自的权力、利益和责任。     

Influence of different pretreatments on the accessibility of transglutaminase and tyrosinase to wool fibre proteins

Wool fibres are subject to a variety of industrial chemical treatments prior to finishing processes. The influence of such treatments on subsequent enzymatic treatments is still poorly characterised, but its importance is paramount to achieve maximal efficiency of enzymatic action on the fibres. The effect of such treatments on wool fibre structure and their significance on the accessibility of the enzymes transglutaminase and tyrosinase to their target amino acids within wool proteins was investigated. These enzymes are of great interest due to their potential as protein cross‐linkers and their capability to covalently graft beneficial compounds onto proteins. The accessibility of target amino acids was assessed using specific peptides tagged with fluorescent probes, followed by epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. Differences in the action of the different chemical pretreatments were found, with a treatment with permonosulphuric acid resulting in the greatest level accessibility to both enzymes, followed by chlorination and plasma treatments. This was confirmed by the increase in tensile strength of treated wool observed in the enzyme‐treated yarns. This work illustrates that the accessibility of these enzymes to their target aminoacids in solid substrates such as wool is key for their action and to achieve the desired property modifications. The techniques used have the advantage of permitting the visual monitoring of the diffusion of the active enzymes through the wool fibre structure and to relate this to the extent of enzymatic reaction. Crucially, this will allow an informed choice of the best wool processing stage at which to introduce such enzyme treatments.     

数据驱动道路绿化：基于街景的多维品质评估

旨在通过人本视角和品质提升来改善城市设计和政策中的道路绿化品质。选取苏州主城区48个街道,采用道路平均NDVI、PGVI及日常活动网络可达性３个指标进行城市道路绿化品质的多维度评估,并筛选具有高网络可达性且低绿量的道路。进一步对３类低绿化品质道路进行绿化布局与设计成因分析。结果表明,通过提高道路邻近绿量和通透性、增加人行道和车道的绿化面积、转换视角创造立体绿化空间等措施,可以有效提高城市道路绿化品质。研究成果可为城市绿化规划设计提供有益参考。     

30分钟社区生活圈视角下的武汉市主城区绿色空间公平性评价

目的全球城市化的加速不断带来各种城市病,城市自然环境被认为是改善居民福祉的重要因素,而多数城市中存在城市绿色空间资源分布不均的问题。将城市绿色空间分布与其他建成环境因素结合进行综合评价,可以全面了解自然资源的分布状况,有助于城市规划师和风景园林师提出更有针对性的改善策略。方法使用基于高斯方程和网络生活圈阈值改进后的两步移动搜索（two-step floating catchment area, 2SFCA）法,对武汉市城市绿色空间资源配比情况进行评价,并结合社区建筑建成年限数据使用K-means聚类进行综合分析。结果1）武汉市城市绿色空间资源分布存在显著失衡并呈现明显的空间效应,绿地与水景可达性分别呈现全局由中心向周边递增、局部团状聚集的特征。2）由聚类分析得到“供需匮乏—建筑老化”“供需匮乏—建筑较新”“供需充足—建筑老化”“供需充足—建筑较新”4种分类结果,发现社区建筑建成年限与城市绿色空间可达性整体呈现空间相关性,在局部地区呈现空间错位。3）政府主导的改善城市环境质量和增强居民交通能力的政策可以缓解城市绿色空间资源分配的不均衡。结论验证了构建全面系统的可达性分析方法对于提升城市绿地空间公平性方面的重要性,并在老旧社区更新改造和可持续城市生态系统规划方面为城市管理者提供指导。     

催化剂的烃分子扩散性能和本征反应化学性能对重油分子断裂转化的影响

通过分析烃分子断裂过程的催化反应化学,研究了重油裂解反应网络及各本征反应之间的关联,提出催化剂的扩散性能和本征反应特性是影响烃分子断裂过程的两类重要性质,开展了重油裂解反应反应化学实验,构建了分别反映扩散性能和本征反应特性的2个催化剂物性变量特征因子,即活性中心可接近性因子（ACI）和酸性特征因子（AFI）,并以此两类因子为二维调控因素,创建了用于设计重油复杂分子断裂生成丙烯、乙烯反应催化剂的物理模型。该模型表明,在两因子可调控区间内,存在低碳烯烃产率最高值,单独调控某一因子无法达到该最高值,只有耦合调控才可实现,从而显著提高低碳烯烃产率。调控催化剂的ACI会显著影响碳数为40~50的重油分子向低碳烯烃转化的主反应深度;从而调控催化剂的AFI会改变重油分子芳构化、异构化、环化等副反应在反应网络中发生的概率,影响作为低碳烯烃前身物的直链烃类的数量,从而影响低碳烯烃产率。通过对催化剂ACI和AFI的耦合调控,有可能根据目的产物需求,实现催化剂的优化设计。     

谈无障碍建筑设计

通过实例分析强调无障碍设计对社会的重要意义,增强设计人员的无障碍意识。抓住目前无障碍建设的制约因素:一是无障碍设施滞后,观念淡薄;二是缺乏系统化的无障碍设计。通过对比,提出新建与改造两条途径是实现适合中国国情的无障碍建设之路。     

Stabilization of General Nonlinear Control Systems via Center Manifold and Approximation Techniques

This paper considers the stabilization of a class of general nonlinear control systems. Under some mild conditions, a general nonlinear control system can be transformed into a normal form, which is suitable for the center manifold approach. A kind of controller in the polynomial form is proposed to stabilize the systems. First, the type and degree of controllers are chosen to assure the approximation degree of the center manifold. Then the coefficients are chosen to make the dynamics of the center manifold of the closed-loop systems stable. To test the approximate stability of the dynamics on the center manifold, the Lyapunov function with homogeneous derivative proposed in [6] is used.     

Job accessibility and job‐education mismatch in the metropolitan area of Barcelona

This paper analyses the effect of job accessibility on job‐education mismatch in the metropolitan area of Barcelona with regard to both public and private transport. Transit accessibility is defined in terms of the spatial distribution of employment relative to travel time by public transport, whereas accessibility by private transport is approximated by car availability. The results obtained from a joint model for car ownership, employment selectivity and mismatch confirm that car availability matters for job‐education mismatch. Moreover, public transport connectivity to job locations favours the matching between schooling and occupation in the urban labour market.