汽车代用燃料的应用和发展

评述了汽车代用燃料的现状和未来，压缩天然气和液化石油气将率先大量使用，其次是醇燃料，合成燃料和二甲醚将主要用于某些混合动力车，燃料电池因为能源效率高是最有吸引力的车用能源，将于2010-2015年开始在汽车上实际使用，我国石油工业在提升汽油和柴油质量的同时，应与汽车工业联手开发代用燃料，特别要注意发展燃料电池技术。     

Comparison of mainline and alternate approaches to fusion energy

The tokamak and tandem mirror concepts are compared with alternate confinement concepts using the criteria established in DOE/ET-0047, An Evaluation of Alternate Magnetic Fusion Concepts 1977. The concepts are evaluated and rated in each of three broad categories: confidence in physics and technology, and reactor desirability. The STARFIRE and MARS reactors are used as a basis for comparing the mainline tokamak and tandem mirror concepts with the alternate concepts evaluated in DOE/ET-0047. Two recent alternate concepts, theohmically heated toroidal experiment (OHTE) and thecompact reversed field pinch reactor (CRFPR), are also evaluated. Results indicate that the physics of the mainline tokamaks and tandem mirrors is better understood than that of most alternate concepts. Both mainline concepts rank near the middle for technology requirements, and both rank near or at the bottom when compared with the reactor desirability of alternate concepts.     

具有直流故障穿越能力的模块化多电平换流拓扑推演与对比

直流故障具有影响范围广、故障电流大的特征,已成为制约直流系统发展的重要因素之一。模块化多电平换流器可通过配置双极性子模块实现直流故障穿越,但相比于基于半桥子模块的拓扑,其建造成本与运行损耗均大幅增加。为寻求兼顾硬件成本、运行效率与直流故障穿越能力的模块化多电平换流拓扑,首先通过拓扑抽象定义与模块配置约束,遍历并推导出4大类共13种模块化多电平换流拓扑;进而优选出T型桥臂交替多电平换流器,并提出桥臂移相导通调制,实现其高效功率变换与直流故障穿越的兼顾;最后,计及硬件成本、运行损耗、可靠性与可实现性等维度,对各类具有直流故障穿越能力的拓扑进行了系统性对比,为具有故障穿越能力需求的交直流变换场景提供模块化多电平换流拓扑的选择依据。     

液相法制备纳米Fe_3O_4的研究进展

介绍沉淀法、微乳液法及水热法等纳米Fe3O4的制备方法,讨论了这些方法的优缺点。指出了沉淀法是目前制备纳米Fe3O4的最广泛应用的方法,而超声技术、交流电沉积与传统沉淀法的结合,是制备高纯度、小粒径、均匀分散的Fe3O4最有前途的方法。     

无伸缩缝混凝土防渗衬砌渠道跳仓浇筑施工技术

现浇混凝土防渗渠道普遍采用设置伸缩缝的方法防止混凝土产生裂缝,而伸缩缝的止水易因老化和长草等遭受破坏,导致渠道渗漏。针对上述弊端提出了无伸缩缝混凝土防渗衬砌渠道的隔板跳仓浇筑施工技术。经过在多个大中型灌区节水项目中推广应用,总结出该施工技术的操作步骤和技术要点,包括基面处理措施,浇筑方法,操作要点,浇筑,振捣、抹面等的质量要求及适用范围。多年的运行实践表明,该技术可明显节约投资、缩短工期、延长使用寿命、有效改善防渗效果,且施工简便、工程质量易于保证等。     

新能源电力系统控制与优化

新能源电力的规模化开发以及传统能源的清洁高效利用已成为当前能源革命的主题.目前,我国新能源电力比例持续增加,但受限于化石能源占主导的电源结构,未来很长一段时间内我国将处于混合能源时代.强随机波动性、间歇性以及不确定性使得规模化新能源电力的消纳问题日益严重,我国弃风弃光现象十分突出.深入认知电源侧、电网侧、负荷侧的基本特性,着重解决其控制与优化难题,是实现新能源电力系统安全高效运行的基本前提.本文围绕电源效应、电网响应、负荷响应,着重从电网友好型发电控制、基于多源互补的火力发电弹性控制、适应高比例新能源电力消纳的电网调度控制、需求侧资源特性与主动适应控制以及基于分布式能源的微电网控制5个方面阐述了新能源电力系统局部与全局控制中存在的关键科学问题.     

交替缺氧/好氧CAST处理低ρ_(COD)/ρ_(TN)生活污水的脱氮研究

以低ρCOD/ρTN生活污水为处理对象,在连续和分段2种进水方式下分析了交替缺氧/好氧循环式活性污泥法工艺的脱氮性能及曝气需求量,并研究了分段进水方式下pH、ρDO和氧化还原电位(oxidation reduction potential,ORP)的变化规律.结果表明,连续进水方式下,系统TN平均去除率75.1%,系统因长期低负荷运行而发生污泥膨胀,污泥容积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)平均值为229 mL/g,同时,曝气量升至0.56 m3/h时,才能使NH4+-N去除率大于99%;采用分段进水方式时,系统TN平均去除率可提高至81.5%,污泥沉降性能良好,并且曝气量降至0.24 m3/h时,系统NH 4+-N去除率仍大于99%,节省了运行费用.此外,当采用分段进水时,反应区内的pH值、ρDO和ORP值曲线有较明显的变化规律,并与反应区内污染物浓度的变化有着较好的相关性.     

Computation of eigenvalues of a real matrix

This paper presents a computational procedure for finding eigenvalues of a real matrix based on Alternate Quadrant Interlocking Factorization, a parallel direct method developed by Rao in 1994 for the solution of the general linear system Ax=b. The computational procedure is similar to LR algorithm as studied by Rutishauser in 1958 for finding eigenvalues of a general matrix. After a series of transformations the eigenvalues are obtained from simple 2×2 matrices derived from the main and cross diagonals of the limit matrix. A sufficient condition for the convergence of the computational procedure is proved. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the method.     

一类新的知识型指纹图像非线性滤波方法

给出了基于小波变换的多尺度边缘表示方法及其对一般的图像信号表示的完备性 和相应重建算法的稳定性,然后在小波变换的多尺度极大值表示方法的基础上,提出在尺度 空间中基于多种知识的指纹图像非线性滤波方法.实验表明,这类滤波方法具有很强的自适 应性,能取得令人满意的效果.     

Biobutanol: science,engineering, and economics

Among several liquid alternative fuels, biobutanol has shown great promise because of its very similar properties to gasoline. This review provides an overview of research activities in acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation over the past two and a half decades. We have addressed seven important facets of ABE fermentation, viz. biochemistry, microbial cultures, alternative substrates, solvent recovery, fermentation mode and reactor designs, mathematical modeling, and economics. Development of mutant strains having higher yield, selectivity and tolerance to inhibition, and search for cheap alternative substrates for fermentation are most important thrust areas in biobutanol production. New and efficient processes have been developed for in situ removal and recovery of the ABE solvents. Several rigorous kinetic and physiological models for fermentation have been formulated, which form useful tool for optimization of the process. These research activities have been reviewed in this paper. Finally, we have summarized studies on the economic viability of large‐scale ABE fermentation processes employing various process designs, substrates, and microbial cultures. With the use of new strains, inexpensive substrates, and superior reactor designs, economic potential of ABE fermentation has been found to be highly attractive. Research efforts in science, engineering, and economics of ABE fermentation have brought biobutanol close to commercialization as liquid alternate fuel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.