Controlled-Pore-Size Composite Nickel Oxide Structures for Carbonate Fuel Cell Cathodes

The performance of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is significantly eroded when fuel and oxidant gases are allowed to combine chemically as occurs with a loss of gas impermeability by the cell's electrolyte structure. This performance decline is eradicated when the cell's electrodes possess pore size distributions small enough to absorb sufficient electrolyte to act as a secondary gas barrier. Described here is a process for preparing composite MCFC NiO cathodes where the median pore size of the gas barrier region is varied from 3.2 to 0.4 μm by adjusting the starting powder's Ni/NiO ratio. When filled with liquid Li₂CO₃-38 mol% K₂CO₃ at 923 K, these structures possess a gas pressure resistance of between 2.3 × 10⁵ and 13.6 × 10⁵ Pa, respectively. The incorporation of these composite cathodes in a MCFC can prevent the penetration of the oxidant gas into the fuel cell's interior.     

Surface Carbonization of Mo-La2O3 Cathode

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Optimization of the cathode material for nitrate removal by a paired electrolysis process

Ni, Cu, Cu₉₀Ni₁₀ and Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ were evaluated as cathode materials for the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen by a paired electrolysis process using an undivided flow-through electrolyzer. Firstly, corrosion measurements revealed that Ni and Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ electrodes have a much better corrosion resistance than Cu and Cu₉₀Ni₁₀ in the presence of chloride, nitrate and ammonia. Secondly, nitrate electroreduction experiments showed that the cupro-nickel electrodes are the most efficient for reducing nitrate to ammonia with a selectivity of 100%. Finally, paired electrolysis experiments confirmed the efficiency of Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ and Cu₉₀Ni₁₀ cathodes for the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen. During a typical electrolysis, the concentration of nitrate varied from 620 ppm to less than 50 ppm NO₃⁻ with an N₂ selectivity of 100% and a mean energy consumption of 20 kWh/kg NO₃⁻ (compared to ∼35 and ∼220 kWh/kg NO₃⁻ with Cu and Ni cathodes, respectively).     

强流电子束轰击下浸渍钪酸盐钡钨阴极的次级发射特性

本文对浸渍钪酸盐钡钨阴极在强流脉冲电子束(电子能量为2300eV,电流密度为12A/cm2)轰击下的次级发射特性作了一些初步研究。     

Structural stability of chemically delithiated layered (1 − z)Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2–zLi[Mn0.5−yNi0.5−yCo2y]O2 solid solution cathodes

Lithium has been chemically extracted from the layered oxide solid solutions Li[Li_1/3Mn_2/3]O₂–(z)Li[Mn_0.5−yNi_0.5−yCo_2y]O₂ (0 ≤ y ≤ 1/2 and 0.25 ≤ z ≤ 0.75) and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The weak super lattice reflections that occur in the parent samples at around 2θ = 20–25° vanish on extracting a significant amount of lithium due to the removal of lithium from the transition metal layer and a consequent loss of the ordering between the Li⁺ and the transition metal ions. Additionally, the chemical delithiation process results in an incorporation of some protons from the chemical delithiation medium into the layered lattice, which has an influence on the structure of the delithiated samples. While the incorporation of a higher concentration (0.4 per formula unit) of protons results in the formation of O1 or P3 phases, delithiated samples with <0.2 protons maintain the initial O3 structure. However, the electrochemically charged samples maintain the initial O3 structure.