The control of paracetamol particle size and surface morphology through crystallisation in a spray dryer

The parameters governing the crystallisation of paracetamol using various conventional techniques has been extensively studied, however the factors influencing the drug crystallisation using spray drying is not as well understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the crystallisation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient through evaporative crystallisation using a spray dryer to study the physicochemical properties of the drug and to use semi-empirical equations to gain insight into the morphology and particle size of the dried powder. Paracetamol solutions were spray dried at various inlet temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 120 °C and also from a series of inlet feed solvent compositions ranging from 50/50% v/v ethanol/water to 100% ethanol and solid-state characterisation was done. The size and morphology of the dried materials were altered with a change in spray drying parameters, with an increase in inlet temperature leading to an increase in particle Sauter mean diameter (from 3.0 to 4.4 µm) and a decrease in the particle size with an increase in ethanol concentration in the feed (from 4.6 to 4.4 µm) as a result of changes in particle density and atomised droplet size. The morphology of the dried particles consisted of agglomerates of individual crystallites bound together into larger semi-spherical agglomerates with a higher tendency for particles having crystalline ridges to form at higher ethanol concentrations of the feed.     

An enhanced state estimation for linear parabolic PDE systems with mobile sensors

This paper studies an enhanced state estimation problem of distributed parameter processes modeled by a linear parabolic partial differential equation using mobile sensors. The proposed estimation scheme contains a state estimator and the guidance of mobile sensors, where the spatial domain is decomposed into multiple subdomains according to the number of sensors and each sensor is capable of moving within the respective subdomain. The state estimator is desired to make the state estimation error system exponentially stable while providing an performance bound. The mobile sensor guidance is used to enhance the transient performance of the error system. By the Lyapunov direct technique, an integrated design of state estimator and mobile sensor guidance laws is developed in the form of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs) to meet the desired design objectives. Moreover, to make the performance bound as small as possible, a suboptimal enhanced state estimation problem is formulated as a BMI optimization one, which can be solved via an iterative linear matrix inequality algorithm. Finally, numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

回归方程在煤灰成分分析数理统计中的应用

在煤灰成分分析检测项目中有一些通常采用光电比色法进行检验.为了提高数据处理的准确度,采用一元线性回归方程对数据进行数理统计的方法,建立简单的数学模型,可快速、准确地获得计算结果.     

A/O复合式生物膜工艺缺氧段的动力学模型

对A/O复合式生物膜工艺的缺氧段进行了深入研究,并以物料平衡理论为基础,结合莫诺方程和Fick定律,建立了相应的底物降解和微生物增殖的动力学模型.算例结果表明,理论值与试验所得数据有相似的变化趋势,但两者间存在一定的偏差,而且随着进水有机物浓度的增加,其偏差逐渐加大,不过最大偏差率仅为13%,说明模型与实际情况符合较好,比较准确地预测了缺氧段的运行效果,这为该工艺的设计、运行和控制提供了较好的理论基础.     

气体介质中 JP-10液滴蒸发数值模拟研究

为了进一步了解 JP-10燃料在航空发动机燃烧室中的蒸发燃烧机理,基于 SRK 状态方程,运用数学建模的方法,对 JP-10液滴蒸发过程进行了数值模拟并分析了环境因素对液滴蒸发表面温度变化及液滴生存时间变化的影响。研究表明,气体介质与液滴间的相对速度和环境压力及温度对 JP-10液滴蒸发湿球温度、升温过程及生存时间影响明显。     

BCC金属物理型动态本构关系及在钽中的应用

构建了一种新的、基于塑性变形物理机制的BCC金属动态本构关系,然后将其应用于军用材料钽,通过采用新的约束条件下的多变量非线性规划方法,结合有关流应力实验数据确定出了多晶钽的本构模型。计算结果表明,该模型与实验数据吻合较好,而与Z-A本构模型相比其准确性得到提高,与NN-I本构模型相比预测能力接近,但实用性更强。另外,验证可知该模型的适用条件可以有效外推至很宽的温度及应变率范围。     

传感器输出信号通用线性处理电路的研究

根据电量输出传感器测量物理量的范围,平分二段,分别建立拟合回归方程,并用电路实现之.这种线性处理方法具有通用性.以K型热电偶传感器为实验例子,未经线性处理前,理论线性度为3.2%,线性处理后,理论线性度为0.015%.测量数据标准差为0.00138.结果表明,该方法测量效果良好.     

饱和砂土基于相变状态的不排水本构模型

饱和砂土基于相变状态的改进本构模型能较好地描述砂土不排水情况下的应力-应变关系。通过改进模型中相变状态参量的计算方法,将e-lgp°表达式加以改进,通过详细的阐述,提出e_pt-lgp的关系式,并通过三轴压缩试验的数据对提出的关系式加以验证。应用新的关系式计算不排水条件下试样的相变孔隙比e_pt,进而计算出模型中的相变状态参量。改进后的不排水本构模型的计算结果与不排水三轴压缩的试验结果能较好地吻合,即验证了本构模型的有效性,也验证了e_pt-lgp关系式的合理性,使原有的边界面本构模型更好地描述不排水的情况下、不同密度和围压状态下饱和砂土的力学行为。     

基于动力显式算法的热成形数值模拟预测

考虑金属热处理相变动力学模型,建立了适用于高强度钢板热成形的热、力、相变多场耦合本构方程。基于大变形动力显式有限元算法及上述多场耦合本构方程,建立了热成形动力显式有限元方程。并将板料相变潜热释放引入到热成形温度场分析过程中。在自主开发的商业化金属成形CAE软件KMAS(King Mesh Analysis System)基础上开发了热成形动力显式分析模块,可用于预测热成形过程中零件的厚度变化、温度变化、微观组织各相的体积分数以及硬度分布。随后采用该模块对一款汽车B柱的热成形过程及最终力学性能进行数值模拟预测,并与试验结果进行对比,对比的一致性证明了所建立的多场耦合本构方程及KMAS热成形动力显式分析模块的正确性。     

历史建筑评估中的结构方程模型研究

历史建筑评估是历史建筑保护工作中的重要一环,评估中指标体系的权重系数是保证评估工作客观有效的重要因素。在历史建筑评估工作中引入结构方程模型,科学确定历史建筑评估体系中各项指标系数,这是历史建筑评估工作定性和定量的根本保证。