Ultrasound‐activated Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile with carbonylic compounds catalysed by alkaline‐doped saponites

α,β‐Unsaturated nitriles have been synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of a carbonylic compound with malononitrile, assisted by sonochemical irradiation. Two alkaline‐promoted clays (Li⁺‐ and Cs⁺‐exchanged saponites) have been employed as catalysts. The influence of the carbonylic compound (benzaldehyde or cyclohexanone) and the use of a solvent on the catalytic activity have been studied. Remarkable increase in the conversion values has been found when the reaction is activated by ultrasound, as compared with the thermal activation. In this green, solvent‐free procedure, α,β‐unsaturated nitriles have been produced in very high yields (97%) when the Cs⁺‐saponite is used as catalyst. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Iterative ultrasonic signal and image deconvolution for estimation of the complex medium response

The ill‐conditioned inverse problem of estimating ultrasonic medium responses by deconvolution of RF signals is investigated. The primary difference between the proposed method and others is that the medium response function is assumed to be complex‐valued rather than restricted to being real‐valued. Derived from the complex medium model, complex Wiener filtering is presented, and a Hilbert transform related limitation to inverse filtering type methods is discussed. We introduce a nonparametric iterative algorithm, the least squares method with point count regularization (LSPC). The algorithm is successfully applied to simulated and experimental data and demonstrates the capability of recovering both the real and imaginary parts of the medium response. The simulation results indicate that the LSPC method can outperform Wiener filters and improve the resolution of the ultrasound system by factors as high as 3.7. Experimental results using a single element transducer and a conventional medical ultrasound system with a linear array transducer show that despite the errors in pulse estimation and the noise in the RF signals, excellent results can be obtained, demonstrating the stability and robustness of the algorithm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 15, 266–277, 2005     

Sonochemical Activation of Al/Ni Hydrogenation Catalyst

This paper proposes a sonochemical approach to the nanostructuring of Al/Ni catalyst with high content of accessible Ni centers and a high reusability. The surface and bulk composition as well as pore size distribution of this catalyst are controlled synergistically by adjusting the ultrasound intensity in aqueous solution. Sonochemical activation of Al/Ni alloy leads to formation of mesoporous Al/Ni metallic based frameworks with surface area up to 125 m² g^?1, and regular distribution of nickel active center in the porous matrix. One of the opportunities of porous Al/Ni catalyst is that due to a time‐resolved controllable formation of protective oxide layer it can be stored and handled under air in comparison to traditional Raney catalysts which need inert conditions. The Al/Ni catalyst is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy (CSFM), solid‐state NMR experiments, and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The catalytic activity was investigated for the hydrogenation of acetophenone.     

复频聚焦超声压电换能器声场及频谱的研究

研制了一种新型复频变超声换能器,并从理论上计算了辐射声压在轴向上的分布曲线,进而确定了焦区位置,这与实验所得结果符合得较好。文章还对换能器在水中焦区辐射声场的频谱进行了研究,观测到了两个原波。和频波,差频波及倍频波,证实了声散射声效应的存在。     

镍基MOF电极材料物理超声改性及电化学性能

采用水热法合成了以4,4′-联苯二甲酸(BPDC)为配体的Ni-金属有机框架(MOF),利用低成本、无污染的物理超声法在不改变Ni-MOF晶体结构的前提下对其进行改性,使块状Ni-MOF表面产生孔隙,改善Ni-MOF表面微/纳米结构,提高其电化学性能。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、循环伏安(CV)曲线和恒电流充放电(GCD)曲线分析了改性前后Ni-MOF的微结构形貌和电化学性能。结果表明,经过超声处理后,Ni-MOF的比表面积从40.6 m^2·g^-1增加到65.8 m^2·g^-1,平均孔径从12 nm增加到22 nm。在0.5 A·g^-1电流密度下,超声处理后Ni-MOF电极比电容从420 F·g^-1增加到515 F·g^-1,提高了22.6%,电荷转移电阻明显降低,从25.11Ω降低到15.51Ω。因此,物理超声法可有效改善Ni-MOF表面微/纳米结构,提高其电化学性能。     

基于形状插值的B超图像三维表面重建

B超图像由于受其成像机理的限制,其成像质量较差,无法采用与CT(计算机断层扫描)、MRI(磁共振成像)类似的三维重建方法。针对B超图像的缺点,采用基于形状的插值方法将其转换为等分辨率体数据。此外,对插值算法进行了适当改进,使重建的速度和效果得到明显改善。最后,分别采用移动立方体(marching cubes)算法、连接轮廓线、光线投射(ray casting)算法对B超图像进行三维重建。结果表明,移动立方体算法在重建的真实性和快速性方面都得到了更满意的效果。     

超声治疗前后外阴白色病变的超微形态比较研究

目的：了解超声治疗对外阴白色病变患处上皮细胞及真皮组织超微结构形态的影响。方法：30例患者分别做治疗前及治疗后3—6月的外阴皮肤组织活检,用光镜和透射电镜观察。结果：治疗前,表皮显示不同程度的上皮增生或萎缩并伴过度角化;细胞间隙增大,桥粒减少;细胞内黑色素颗粒减少,线粒体内室肿胀和局部胞质溶解;黑色素细胞少见;真皮内毛细血管减少,管腔多呈皱缩状;表皮及真皮内常见淋巴细胞浸润。治疗后,病变皮肤组织呈不同程度恢复,表皮细胞排列整齐,桥粒及胞质内黑色素颗粒均有不同程度增加,基底层常见黑色素细胞;真皮内成纤维细胞多见,毛细血管增多且管腔形态正常;浸润的淋巴细胞明显减少。结论：超声治疗可使患处上皮细胞及真皮组织的超微结构和色素代谢趋于恢复正常。     

原发性前房角关闭行LPI后眼前节形态学的UBM观察

观察原发性前房角关闭(primary angle closure,PAC)行YAG激光周边虹膜切除术(laser peripheral iridotomy,LPI)后眼前节形态学的变化。方法:选择2012年3月至2013年3月在我院诊断为PAC并行LPI的患者28例(48眼)为研究对象,应用超声生物显微镜(ultrasound biomicroscopy,UBM),观察LPI术前及术后1天、1周、1个月及3个月各时间点颞上、正上、正下、颞侧、鼻侧共5个位点的房角开放距离(angle opening distance,AOD500)、小梁虹膜夹角(trabecular-iris angle,TIA)、小梁睫状体距离(trabecular ciliary process distance,TCPD)、虹膜睫状体距离(iris ciliary process distance,ICPD)、虹膜晶体夹角(iris lens angle,ILA)、虹膜晶体接触距离(iris lens process distance,ILCD)、虹膜厚度1(iris thickness,ITl)、IT2、IT3以及中央前房深度(cental depth distance,ACD)的变化。结果:AOD500、TIA:术后较术前均增大(P0.05);术后1周大于术后其余时间点(P0.05)。TCPD:除个别位点较术前增加(P0.05),其余时间点相应位点较术前增加(P0.05);术后1周大于术后其余时间点(P0.05)。ILA:术后较术前均减小(P0.05);术后1天至术后3个月逐渐增大(P0.05)。ILCD:术后较术前均增大(P0.05),术后1天至术后3个月逐渐减小(P0.05);IT1、IT2、IT3:术后较术前均减小(P0.05);术后各时间点间比较(P0.05)。ACD:术后较术前增加(P0.05)。LPI术前及术后各时间点平均ILA与平均ILCD的相关性显示二者呈高度负相关。结论:PAC患者行LPI术后周边前房明显加深,虹膜膨隆和瞳孔阻力减轻,但术后3个月内眼前节形态并不稳定,个别参考值有不同程度的回退,LPI术后有必要进行长期随访观察。     

基于加权尖峰滤波器提高脉动流测量精度

为编码激励脉冲多普勒血流测速系统提出加权尖峰滤波压缩算法,与传统脉冲压缩滤波器不同,该算法对系统整体进行优化可得到更好的流速估计。脉动流计算机仿真结果表明：在一心动周期内的各种流速时刻,该算法的平均绝对误差和均方根误差均比逆滤波器、尖峰滤波器要低,其测量结果最为准确;加权尖峰滤波器的脉冲压缩效果不依赖于流速。     

相移迁移法在激光超声合成孔径聚焦技术中的应用

通过分析脉冲源激光辐照于工件表面激发的多模式、宽带超声体波信号并结合合成孔径聚焦技术(SAFT),实现了对工件内部微小缺陷的检测、定位和成像。首先基于有限元仿真模拟了激光激发超声波在含缺陷样品中的传播过程,编写了基于相移迁移法(PSM)的SAFT成像算法,然后在实验中使用激光在含缺陷样品表面激发超声波,使用激光测振仪探测超声波,并基于已有算法和探测结果对样品内缺陷进行了检测和定位,以验证算法的正确性。有限元仿真以及实验结果均表明,将激光超声技术与频域SAFT-PSM结合,能够有效地对微小缺陷进行检测和定位,且其图像重构速度快于时域SAFT,可为激光超声无损检测提供更快速的实时技术方案。