Mathematical model for computer simulation and control of steelmaking

A dynamic model for computer simulation and control of steelmaking has been developed. It is essentially based on multicomponent mixed transport control theory with the incorporation of energy balance calculations. The model is applicable to both steelmaking in electric furnaces as well as in oxygen steelmaking converters. The adjustable parameters of the model for simulation of oxygen steelmaking are gas evolution rate (G_co). oxygen flux factor (F_o) and emulsification factor (EM). These simulation parameters, when combined with on-line measurement of off-gas composition and temperature, enable complete dynamic control of the process. The model developed is applied, as an example, to an industrially produced heat in a top blown oxygen steelmaking converter and the results of simulation are discussed.     

IEEE-PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Call for Papers

Static network-related system voltage stability margin (VSM) depends on the availability of reactive power to support the transport of real power from sources to sinks. Based on this premise, the total VAr loss is minimized in the unified OPF framework considering real and reactive power controllers, and its effect on VSM is studied. Studies are conducted on a three-bus system, the IEEE 30-bus system, and a 191-bus Indian electric power system, and their results are reported.     

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Fine Particle Oxides Employing Wet Redox Mixtures

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with a physical mixture of metal nitrates and amides/hydrazides is observed to initiate high-temperature reactions, useful for realizing several high-temperature ceramic materials. A judicious choice of such redox mixtures undergoes exothermic reactions when they couple with microwave radiation. The coupling of electromagnetic radiation with metal salts and amides/hydrazides depends on the dielectric properties of the individual components in the reaction mixture. The approach has been used to prepare γ-Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, MgCr₂O₄, α-CaCr₂O₄, and La_0.7Ba_0.3MnO₃.     

Aggregation dynamics of particles in a microchannel due to an applied magnetic field

Functionalized magnetic microspheres have promising applications in different microfluidic devices including MEMS-scale biosensors. These particles exhibit magnetic field-induced aggregation, which can be harnessed to achieve several practical tasks in microfluidic devices. For this, the particle aggregation needs to be well characterized. Herein, a numerical simulation and experimental validation of particle-chaining is presented. Simulations show that the particle aggregation time scales linearly with a group parameter. The predicted growth of one- two- and three-particle chains with time shows a similar trend as that found in the experiments. The results of the study could help predicting the performance of magnetic aggregate-based lab-on-a-chip devices.     

Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites

Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites were prepared from the matrix resins tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenylmethane

1 Systematic name: N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2,3-epoxypropyl)-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane.

(TGDDM) and tetraglycidyl bis(o-toluidino)-methane

2 Systematic name: N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2,3-epoxypropyl)-4,4′-bis(o-toluidino)methane.

(TGMBT) using various amines like 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and diethylene triamine (DETA) as curing agents. The fabricated laminates were evaluated for their mechanical and dielectrical properties and chemical resistance. The composites prepared using an epoxy fortifier (20 phr) showed significant improvement in the mechanical properties.     

Grafting of methyl methacrylate onto guar gum by hydrogen peroxide initiation

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto guar gum (GG) in aqueous slurry has been carried out using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as initiator. The copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The grafting parameters like percent grafting, grafting efficiency, percent add-on, and the grafting frequency were determined, and the effect of reaction time, concentration of initiator, and [GG]/[MMA] ratios on the grafting parameters have been discussed. The decrease in % add-on at increasing concentration of H₂O₂ indicated enhancement in the rate of homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate.     

Micropore characterization using the Dubinin-Astakhov equation to analyze high pressure CO2 (273 K) adsorption data

The characterization of the pore structure of microporous materials is of interest because of the usefulness of these materials in many applications. Of these, the characterization of carbon adsorbents is particularly problematic because of the presence of small pores with size on the order of small molecules (micropores) along with a wide distribution of pore sizes, and their non-crystalline structure. In this paper, we present results obtained using the Dubinin-Astakhov equation to analyze data from high pressure CO₂ adsorption at 273 K to characterize two sets of microporous carbons. Our results support the conclusions of previous workers that the Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) equation is able to linearize adsorption data that gives rise to curved Dubinin-Radushkevich plots. However, when applied over different ranges of relative pressure on the adsorption isotherm, the Dubinin-Astakhov plots result in different values of micropore volume and characteristic adsorption potential. Furthermore, DA analysis of CO₂ (273 K) adsorption data over a wide range of pressures (10^–3–22000 Tort), gives results different from DA analysis of CO₂ (273 K) isotherms measured at low pressures only (10^–3–830 Tort). It would appear desirable to apply the DA equation to data that reflects the entire range of micropore filling on the adsorption isotherm, as opposed to data over a limited relative pressure range. For CO₂ adsorption at 273 K, this would necessitate adsorption studies at high pressures, to about 28 atm. Micropore volumes obtained in this manner, agreed with the total pore volumes determined by nitrogen (77 K) adsorption for all the activated carbons studied.     

Influence of the method and degree of milling on the rate of milling and leaching of industrial alumina

Conclusions An investigation was made of the influence of the method and degree of milling on the time required to obtain a given mean particle size, and on the leaching of refired industrial alumina.It was found that much more time is required for milling of alumina in a ball mill than in a vibrational mill, the more so, the higher the temperature of the preliminary firing of the alumina. At the same time, the mean surface diameter of the powder increases, together with the content of grains of radius greater than 5, while the content of grains of radius less than 2, which is important to ensure good properties of the fired ceramic, decreases.During milling in a ball mill, the amount of ground iron is increased considerably compared with the amount during vibrational milling to the same particle size of the alumina.Leaching of alumina after milling in a ball mill is less satisfactory than after milling in a vibrational mill. As a result, the Al₂O₃ content in the washed material is decreased and the amount of Na₂O, Fe₂O₃, and other impurities is increased.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 43–50, January, 1969.     

FRP composites based on different types of glass fibers and matrix resins: A comparative study

Flexural properties, impact energy, heat deflection temperature, and resistance to thermal and hydrothermal degradation of composites based on E-glass and N-glass fibers as the reinforcing agents, and epoxy, unsaturated polyester, phenolic, and epoxy-phenolic resin systems as the matrix materials were studied and compared. As a reinforcing agent E-glass fiber is superior to N-glass fiber, particularly with respect to development of flexural strength and modulus, impact strength, and thermal resistance; N-glass fiber, however, imparts to the composites substantially higher resistance to hydrothermal degradation under boiling conditions in different chemical environments. For use of both E-glass and N-glass fibers as reinforcing agents, the general order of resistance to hydrothermal degradation for the composites based on different matrix resins is epoxy > phenolic > unsaturated polyester resin. Incorporation of a low dose of a rubbery polymer, such as styrene butadiene rubber (0.1–0.2%) and liquid polybutadiene (0.5–0.75%), in unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix resin measurably enhances impact energy of the composite. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

面源污染中磷流失多重影响因素主成分分析

为全面了解对美国中部Illinois州具有浅层排水系统的轮作农业地区的面源污染问题,利用主成分分析方法及多元线性回归,对Little Vermillion River流域磷流失影响因素主成分进行分析.结果表明,磷流失的影响因素基本分为3大主成分:一是生物主成分,包括温度、植被类型、覆盖因子、生物量、散蒸量;二是水力主成分,降雨及流量;三是人为干扰主成分,施肥量及耕作内容.其中水力主成分对流失的影响最大,尤其是对浅层排水中磷流失的影响.