Analysis of defects on BN nano-structures using high-resolution electron microscopy and density-functional calculations

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) nucleation takes place on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layers growing perpendicular to the substrate surface during thin film synthesis. Studies focused on the nucleation of the cubic phase suggest the possibility that transient phases and/or defects on these h-BN structures have a role in sp3-bonded cubic phase nucleation. In this study, we have investigated the nature, energetics, and structure of several possible defects on BN basal planes, including point defects, 4-, and 5-fold BN rings, that may possibly match the experimentally observed transient phase fine structure. TEM image observations are used to build approximate atomic models for the proposed structures, and DFT calculations are used to relax these structures while minimizing their respective total energies. These optimized atomic geometries are then used to simulate TEM images, which are compared to the experimentally observed structures. Data from DFT calculations and analysis of simulated images from the proposed atomic structures suggest that 4-fold BN rings are more likely to exist on the transient phase possibly leading to c-BN nucleation.     

Fe—Cr—Mn（W,V）合金焊接热影响区的辐照损伤及诱发的晶界元素偏析

采用电子束辐照研究裂变－聚变混合反应堆预选结构材料Ｆｅ－Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ（Ｗ,Ｖ）合金的焊接热影响区（ＨＡＺ）组织损伤,测定损伤组织和晶界处的合金元素浓度变化。实验结果表明：低温下剂达１０ｄｐａ,合金奥氏体组织稳定,未发现空洞形成和第二相析出;然而在高温下,剂量达４．８ｄｐａ就明显出现低密度微小空洞,并出现晶界移植现象。其次,在低温下,晶界附近大尺寸溶质原子Ｃｒ和Ｍｎ贫化,而小尺寸原子Ｓｉ,Ｖ,Ｎｉ,Ｗ     

Simultaneous growth of self-patterned carbon nanotube forests with dual height scales

In this study, we report on a unique, one-step fabrication technique enabling the simultaneous synthesis of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) with dual height scales through alcohol catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (ACCVD). Regions of VA-MWCNTs with different heights were well separated from each other leading to a self-patterning on the surface. We devised a unique layer-by-layer process for application of catalyst and inhibitor precursors on oxidized Si (100) surfaces before the ACCVD step to achieve a hierarchical arrangement. Patterning could be controlled by adjusting the molarity and application sequence of precursors. Contact angle measurements on these self-patterned surfaces indicated that manipulation of these hierarchical arrays resulted in a wide range of hydrophobic behavior changing from that of a sticky rose petal to a lotus leaf.     

Interaction of Epoxy/Dicyandiamide Adhesives with Metal Substrates

The molecular structure of the interphase formed by curing a model adhesive system consisting of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and dicyandiamide (DDA) against mechanically polished aluminum and electrogalvanized steel (EGS) substrates was determined using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). RAIR analysis suggested that DGEBA/DDA mixtures created an interphase with a different molecular structure from the bulk of the adhesive when cured in contact with aluminum. The formation of this unique interphase was mainly due to interactions between DDA and the Al surface. XPS analysis indicated that aluminum ions exposed by heating the substrate surface were necessary for this interaction. DDA was found to adsorb onto the aluminum surface via the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atoms of the nitrile groups. A slight decrease in the nitrile stretching frequency suggested an additional back-bonding interaction between aluminum ions and the nitrile groups. Slight back donation of electrons from the metal to DDA resulted in a reduction product that led to the formation of the carbodiimide form of DDA. This specific reaction caused a decrease in the concentration of nitrile groups in the interphase and changed the extent of the reaction between DDA and DGEBA by inhibiting the formation of oxazolidine structures. The interaction of DDA with EGS surfaces followed a similar trend. However, the effects were much more pronounced with EGS and the extent of the curing reaction and the cross-linking rate near the metal surface were strongly affected by EGS/DDA interactions.     

Multi‐University Design Projects

We describe a multi‐university design project in which teams of students across different campuses collaborate on a design and manufacturing project. We show how such projects sensitize students to issues in concurrent engineering and train them in interpersonal skills, communications, and system integration. We believe that this approach allows us to simulate real‐world conditions by imposing realistic boundary conditions on the student teams.     

在宽温度范围内LCD液晶显示器的使用

介绍一种利用单片微型计算机自身功能在宽温度范围内改善ＬＣＤ液晶显示器的外特性方法。该方法成功地解决了ＬＣＤ液晶显示器在低温时显示器显示滞后（甚至对比度不足），在高温时显示器显示交调失真（过黑）的问题。为研制专用微机或仪器仪表的ＬＣＤ液晶显示器，在野外温度变化较大条件下的使用，提供一种有效途径。     

Oxidation behavior of carbon/carbon-boron nitride composites fabricated by additives and chemical vapor infiltration

Carbon/carbon-boron nitride (C/C-BN) composites were manufactured by adding hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powders into carbon fiber preform and a subsequent chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process for deposition of pyrolytic carbon (PyC). Microstructure and oxidation behavior of carbon/carbon composites with 9?vol% h-BN (C/C-BN9) were studied in comparison to carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Results showed that with the addition of h-BN powders, a regenerative laminar (ReL) PyC with higher texture was achieved. Note that the introduction of h-BN powder make great contributes to graphitization degree of PyC, leading to larger oxidation activation energy. Moreover, under an air atmosphere, h-BN started to oxidize above 800?°C, and generated molten boron oxide (B₂O₃) which prohibited oxygen diffusion by filling in pores, cracks and other defects. As these reasons mentioned above, after oxidation tests under an air atmosphere, mass losses of C/C-BN9 composites were lower than that of C/C composites at all test temperatures (600–900?°C), indicating that the oxidation resistance of C/C-BN9 composites is better than that of C/C composites.     

Theoretical and spectroscopic investigations on the structure and bonding in B-C-N thin films

In this study, we have synthesized boron, carbon, and nitrogen containing films using RF sputter deposition. We investigated the effects of deposition parameters on the chemical environment of boron, carbon, and nitrogen atoms inside the films. Techniques used for this purpose were grazing incidence reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (GIR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). GIR-FTIR experiments on the B-C-N films deposited indicated presence of multiple features in the 600 to 1700 cm^− 1 range for the infrared (IR) spectra. Analysis of the IR spectra, XPS and the corresponding EELS data from the films has been done in a collective manner. The results from this study suggested even under nitrogen rich synthesis conditions carbon atoms in the B-C-N films prefer to be surrounded by other carbon atoms rather than boron and/or nitrogen. Furthermore, we have observed a similar behavior in the chemistry of B-C-N films deposited with increasing substrate bias conditions. In order to better understand these results, we have compared and evaluated the relative stability of various nearest-neighbor and structural configurations of carbon atoms in a single BN sheet using DFT calculations. These calculations also indicated that structures and configurations that increase the relative amount of C-C bonding with respect to B-C and/or C-N were energetically favorable than otherwise. As a conclusion, carbon tends to phase-segregate in to carbon clusters rather than displaying a homogeneous distribution for the films deposited in this study under the deposition conditions studied.     

平板玻璃工业现状与展望

一、国际平板玻璃生产现状与发展趋势　　1、产量与需求量小幅平稳增长。　　截止到2001年末，世界各地区已建成投产的浮法玻璃生产线约280条，其中亚洲约130条，欧洲79条，北美洲56条，南美洲10条，非洲和大洋洲5条。280条浮法线日熔化总能力约为13万吨，年生产能力可达3600万吨以上。　　2001年世界平板玻璃总产量约3600万吨。其中，西欧占18.9%，约680万吨；东欧占11.4%，约410万吨；北美占16.4%，约590万吨；中国占29.7%，约1070万吨（2.14亿重量箱，含压延玻璃）；日本占3.3%，约120万吨；非洲及中东地区占2.7%，约100万吨；其他地区占…