NROM: A novel localized trapping, 2-bit nonvolatile memory cell

This paper presents a novel flash memory cell based on localized charge trapping in a dielectric layer and on a new read operation. It is based on the storage of a nominal ~400 electrons above a n⁺/p junction. Programming is performed by channel hot electron injection and erase by tunneling enhanced hot hole injection. The new read methodology is very sensitive to the location of trapped charge above the source. This single device cell has a two physical bit storage capability. The cell shows improved erase performances, no over erase and erratic bit issues, very good retention at 250°C, and endurance up to 1M cycles. Only four masks are added to a standard CMOS process to implement a virtual ground array. In a typical 0.35 μm process, the area of a bit is 0.315 μm² and 0.188 μm² in 0.25 μm technology. All these features and the small cell size compared to any other flash cell make this device a very attractive solution for all NVM applications     

Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy

The hypothesis that quiescent CD4+ T lymphocytes carrying proviral DNA provide a reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was examined. In a study of 22 patients successfully treated with HAART for up to 30 months, replication-competent virus was routinely recovered from resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. The frequency of resting CD4+ T cells harboring latent HIV-1 was low, 0.2 to 16.4 per 10(6) cells, and, in cross-sectional analysis, did not decrease with increasing time on therapy. The recovered viruses generally did not show mutations associated with resistance to the relevant antiretroviral drugs. This reservoir of nonevolving latent virus in resting CD4+ T cells should be considered in deciding whether to terminate treatment in patients who respond to HAART.     

Fault Detection of a Rotating Shaft by Using the Electromechanical Impedance Method and a Temperature Compensation Approach

Condition-based maintenance systems that use sensor networks for damage detection in rotating machinery have been evolving constantly. Such strategies aim at detecting the presence and severity of damage on a statistical basis. The aim of this contribution relies on the correct detection of incipient faults in rotating shafts by using a real-time impedance-based structural health monitoring method, with a low-cost portable device. This technique monitors changes in the electric impedance of piezoelectric transducers, acting simultaneously as actuators and sensors, which are bonded to the host structure. With the use of damage metrics, these changes can be quantified so that the presence and severity of damage are detected. This is possible since the electrical impedance of the sensor is directly related to the mechanical impedance of the structure. However, the frequency response functions resulting from this method are susceptible to environmental and operational conditions that should be accounted for to avoid false diagnostics. Consequently, a temperature compensation technique is proposed based on a hybrid optimization method associated with different damage metrics. Additionally, a statistical model is used for threshold determination based on the statistical process control method. Experimental results show that an incipient fatigue crack associated with bearing wear was successfully detected with a probability of detection above 95% confidence for the majority of sensors used.     

Die experimentelle Untersuchung des Bradley-Motors. Kritische Betrachtung

Ohne ZusammenfassungZum Schlusse danke ich Herrn Professor Rogowski für die überlassung der Einrichtungen des Elektrotechnischen Institutes der Technischen Hochschule zu Aachen, ferner der Gesellschaft von Freunden der Aachener Hochschule, die die Mittel zur Anschaffung der Versuchsmaschine bereitwilligst zur Verfügung stellte.     

Aortic coarctation associated with a large aneurysm

The stoma following laryngectomy may be placed either within the incision or separately. To determine if this variation had a bearing on its ultimate size, measurements of the stoma size were carried out in 61 patients who underwent laryngectomy by one of these methods. It was found that the stoma was nearly twice the size in patients in whom the stoma had been sited within the main wound and that there was a minimal need for the use of a tube or stoma button post-operatively in these patients.     

A simple electromagnetic shock wave analysis using boundaries in a moving frame of reference

The propagation of a planar shock wave in a lossless nonlinear magnetic medium is treated with certain idealizations. Considering a monotonically increasing pulse input, a simple formulation is given for the calculation of shock velocities and shock discontinuities. Field profiles are obtained with procedures very similar to those of linear media with fixed discontinuity surfaces. The implications of the broad assumptions used are briefly discussed.     

Priority switching scheduler

We define a novel core network router scheduling architecture called priority switching scheduler (PSS), to carry and isolate time constrained and elastic traffic flows from best-effort traffic. To date, one possible solution has been to implement a core DiffServ network with standard fair queuing and scheduling mechanisms as proposed in the well-known “A Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) for Capacity-Admitted Traffic” from RFC5865. This architecture is one of the most selected solutions by internet service provider for access networks (e.g., customer-premises equipment) and deployed within several performance-enhancing proxies (PEPs) over satellite communications (SATCOM) architectures. In this study, we argue that the proposed standard implementation does not allow to efficiently quantify the reserved capacity for the AF class. By using a novel credit-based shaper mechanism called burst limiting shaper (BLS) to manage the AF class, we show that PSS can provide the same isolation for the time constrained EF class while better quantifying the part allocated to the AF class. PSS operates both when the output link capacity is fixed (e.g., wire links and terrestrial networks) or might vary due to system impairments or weather condition (e.g., wireless or satellite links). We demonstrate the capability of PSS through an emulated SATCOM scenario with variable capacity and show the AF output rate is less dependent on the EF traffic, which improves the quantification of the reserved capacity of AF, without impacting EF traffic.