Creating and Justifying Research and Development Value: Scope,Scale, Skill and Social Networking of R&D

In this paper we describe a framework for analysing the creation and justification of Research & Development. The 4S framework is developed for analysing the scope, scale, skills and social network aspects of Research & Development value. The framework is based on social system theory, a process contingency model, and recent Research & Development metrics. We present a first empirical assessment based on a workshop using the 4S framework for leveraging Research & Development. Results that assist in the assessment of value creation utilising R & D within networks are very relevant in high tech industries. The multi–dimensional process approach of this framework seems promising for understanding and managing R&D value creation, but needs further operationalisation. Case studies are described and a Dutch network on leveraging R&D has been initiated.     

The development and maturation of humanitarian psychology.

Humanitarian psychological support as an organized field is relatively young. Pioneers in the field were involved primarily in providing psychological support to refugees and internally displaced persons in conflict and nonconflict situations. This article describes basic principles for the design of psychological support programs and interventions. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) began a psychological support program in 1991. The IFRC chose psychological first aid as its model for implementation in developing countries. Psychological first aid fits all the principles for psychological support program design and is adapted to individual communities. The first generation of psychological support programs differed dramatically depending on the countries in which they were developed. A second generation of psychological support programs evolved in response to the earthquake/tsunami of December 26, 2004. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee international guidelines consolidated the advances of second-generation programs and provided a clear indication of the wide acceptance of the importance of psychological support. A glimpse is provided of the third generation of psychological support programs, and an admonition is made for a more empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Alcohol treatment training in psychology internship programs.

This investigation was designed to study alcohol treatment training by focusing on the components of training provided in psychology internship programs approved by the American Psychological Association. Data from 137 training sites revealed that two content areas—group psychotherapy and relapse prevention—were rated as most relevant to alcohol treatment training. Six other domains (aftercare, Alcoholics Anonymous, marital/family therapy, stress management/relaxation procedures, social skills training, and cognitive therapy) were rated as at least quite relevant. The extent to which interns were exposed to these content areas was variable. These findings are discussed in the context of issues surrounding alcohol treatment training among psychology interns and the provision of clinical services to alcohol-abusing patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bullwhip reduction for ARMA demand: The proportional order-up-to policy versus the full-state-feedback policy

A ‘proportional’ order-up-to policy reacting to ARMA demand is analyzed using stochastic optimal control theory. This policy is compared with a full-state-feedback order-up-to policy. Necessary conditions for an optimum of a weighted sum of the inventory and the ordering variances for both policies are formulated. Based on this a relatively simple expression for the ‘full-state’ policy is derived. The comparison between the two policies demonstrates that the ‘intuitively’ designed proportional policy does not fulfill the objective of controlling both the inventory and ordering variance for all parameter values of the demand model as well as the full-state-feedback policy. The full-state-feedback policy outperforms the proportional policy in several aspects.     

The secretory intestinal transport of some beta-lactam antibiotics and anionic compounds: a mechanism contributing to poor oral absorption

PURPOSE: To measure the effect of silicon diode detectors used for in vivo dosimetry on beam characteristics and determine whether this effect is clinically significant. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Commercially available photon and electron diodes were placed on the central axis of photon and electron beams. The beam characteristics were measured for 6- and 10-MV photon and 6-20-MeV electron energies from a Varian Clinac 1800 medical linear accelerator. Water was used for the medium, and measurements were made for various clinically common field sizes and depths. RESULTS: Beam attenuations along the central axis were 10 and 7.5% for 6- and 10-MV photons, respectively. Electron beam dose reductions were between 13 and 25% for 20-6-MeV electrons. Photon beam flatness varied up to 7% at different depths, but the symmetry was not affected much. Electron beam flatness and symmetry were significantly changed to as much as 18 and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Use of diode detectors on central axis of photon and electron beams for in vivo dosimetry causes significant attenuation and alteration of the beam characteristics. The percentage of the volume affected is significant (e.g., 23% of the volume in a 4 x 4 field gets 10% less dose for a 6-MV photon beam), especially if these diodes are used for in vivo dosimetry on the central axis every day for every treatment, as is done in some clinics. Other beam parameters such as penumbra and skin dose are also affected. It is therefore recommended that the diodes be used only as needed.     

Space charge analysis in doped zinc phthalocyanine thin films

We present an improved method for the determination of the space charge density in organic semiconductors used as active layers in Schottky barriers. These measurements provide a powerful tool for the interpretation of basic properties such as the rectifying effect, doping process and carrier trapping mechanisms of films together with a way to assess the potential for sensor applications. Metal/molecular semiconductor Schottky junctions were prepared on zinc phthalocyanine layers doped by a controlled exposure to the ambient air. The organic material is deposited on aluminium or heavily doped silicon substrates, in order to make a Schottky barrier (film thickness around 1 μm). An ohmic contact is obtained by a gold deposition on the strongly doped side of the molecular material. We have investigated the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics. The results are interpreted in terms of a space charge region at the interface with the substrate, followed by an extended semi-insulating layer.The contribution of these two regions to the total impedance is analyzed in well improved conditions of measurements.     

Filtering for bilinear systems with a lipschitz nonlinearity using LPV approach

This paper deals with the H _?? filtering problem for a class of nonlinear systems. This class of nonlinear systems is composed of a bilinear part and of a lipschitzian one. The use of an unbiasedness condition for the bilinear part (called quasi unbiasedness condition) permits to parameterize the filter matrices through a single gain. Two LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) extensions of the bounded real lemma are used to solve the filtering problem. This approach reduces the conservatism inherent to the boundedness of the inputs. Then the filtering solution is expressed in terms of LMI (Linear Matrix Inequality) to be verified at the vertices of a polytope. A numerical example is finally given to illustrate our approach.     

Improvement of Crystallinity of KZr2P3O12 by Sol-Gel Synthesis

The X-ray diffraction pattern for potassium-zirconium phosphate is significantly improved when the material is prepared by the sol-gel route rather than the powder method. Peaks at high, low, and intermediate angles are presented and compared for the two methods. It is assumed that the more nearly homogeneous mixing of the elements in the sol-gel process is responsible for the significant improvement in crystallinity.     

Recovery of eicosapentaenoic acid from fungal mycelia by solvent extraction

Utilization of lipids containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) produced by microorganisms requires processes for their efficient recovery from microbial cells. Recovery of EPA from mycelia of the fungusPythium irregulare by solvent extraction with hexane-isopropanol (HIP) in a pilot-plant colloid mill was investigated. Extraction efficiencies of 96% for lipid and EPA were achieved with a 3∶2 (vol/vol) HIP mixture by milling wet, filtered mycelia for 5 min at a solvent/dry solids ratio of 100 L/kg. The process yielded a crude extract that contained up to 96% lipid and an EPA content as high as 24% (with no selectivity for EPA).     

Scrolls and nested tubes in multiwall carbon nanotubes

Recent high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) studies of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reveal a class of defects analogous to edge dislocations in a crystal. These defects are believed to mark the transition from scrolls on one side to nested tubes on the other. On the tube side, layer spacing becomes irregular. Analysis of the helicity of the tubes shows a strong correlation between diameter and helicity. This suggests that the organizing principle for the tubes is not Van der Waals forces, as in the case of graphite or turbostratic carbon, but preservation of helicity. Based on these observations and total energy calculations, the authors speculate that graphene monolayers initially form scrolls and subsequently transform into multiwall nanotubes through the progression of defects. Scrolls and nested tubes thus coexist within a single MWNT.