Gelation Properties of Ovalbumin as Affected by Fatty Acid Salts

The physicochemical properties of heat-induced ovalbumin (OVA) gels containing fatty acid salts (FAS) were investigated. Water-holding ability and transparency markedly increased in the presence of sodium caprate or sodium laurate. At 9% of the protein concentration transparent and hard gels formed; at 7%, transparent and soft gels formed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the transparent gels had a more homogeneous structure than turbid gels without FAS. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that denaturation temperature of OVA was decreased and the peaks became broader after addition of FAS.     

Spontaneous emission from a three-level atom placed in three-dimensional photonic crystals in the long-time limit

The paper describes the spontaneous emission from a three-level atom placed in a periodic dielectric microstructure which exhibits a complete three-dimensional photonic band gap. By using the Euler approach, the upper level population of the atom is calculated for a wide range of relationships between the Rabi frequency and the detuning of the atomic transition frequency from the upper band edge. The results indicate that there are three cases of the relationship between Rabi frequency and detuning, which determine distinctive states of the atomic population in the long-time limit. When the detuning is greater than the Rabi frequency, the upper level has a zero steady-state atomic population, which leads to enhancement of spontaneous emission. When the magnitude of the detuning is less than the Rabi frequency, the upper level has a nonzero steady-state atomic population, which leads to suppression of spontaneous emission. When the negative detuning is greater than the Rabi frequency, the upper level has a nondecaying oscillatory-state atomic population due to long-time atomic splitting. These three properties of the spontaneous emission are relevant to several optical devices on an atomic scale, such as optical memories, switches and clocks.     

Synthesis of a stabilizing control problem for a multimachine power system with phase shifter

A systematic procedure is considered for the synthesis of a stabilizing control method for a multimachine power system with phase shifter, taking into account the velocity governor. A new approach is presented, which uses a coordinate-transformation technique and an optimization technique. The application of this method to a stabilizing control problem for a power system is illustrated by considering a 3-machine power system with phase-shifter control, taking into account an additional control vector for the governing system with one time constant. The synthesized controls are then used to improve the power-system transient stability to a remarkable degree and to restore the power-system transients rapidly to the stable-equilibrium point. Numerical results arc given.     

Winding Method to Reduce Vibration and Loss Caused by Fractional Slot of Synchronous Machine

Fractional‐slot windings are widely used in rotating machines in order to improve the output voltage waveform, increase the design flexibility, and gain many other advantages. However, fractional‐slot windings are known to produce different harmonic components such as an even order and/or fractional number of space flux harmonics compared to integral‐slot windings. These harmonics may increase stray losses and cause stator core vibration. This paper describes an analysis of space flux harmonics and proposes new winding methods such as “novel interspersed windings” to reduce these harmonic components. The proposed winding methods were verified by numerical analysis and model tests.     

An application of interpretive structural modelling to analyse preference structure in multiobjective dynamic environmental-economic systems†

This paper applies ISM (interpretive structural modelling) to analyse preference structure in a multiobjective problem of a dynamic environmental-economic model, and terms this method IPSM (interpretive preference structural modelling). Multi-objectives in the model include minimizing social cost of pollution, and maximizing total consumption in a planning interval. IPSM analyses decision-maker's preference relations (mental model) among many Pareto-optimal solutions of the multiobjective systems under the interactive cooperation between the decision-maker and the model-builder, and extracts the decision-maker's preference structure as a hierarchical directed graph, where the vertices of the graph correspond to the Pareto-optimal solutions and the directed edges correspond to the preference relations. An interesting economic interpretation for a preferred solution is discussed in terms of the economic interpretation of the discrete minimum principle.     

Development of –1 MV DC Filter and High‐Voltage DC Measurement Systems for ITER NBI

This paper presents the development results of a ?1 MV dc filter and dc measurement systems for an ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) neutral beam injector (NBI) system. High accuracy of 0.5% and fast responsivity of 3.3 μs, ?3 dB are required for the dc measurement systems: both dc voltage dividers and DCCTs. Circuit design and thermal flow design were carried out to clarify and minimize their effects on the accuracy and responsivity. The validity of the established design was demonstrated by the actual‐product tests; temperature rise of each components fell below the allowable value; inner components of dc filter withstood dc ?1.2 MV; each voltage divider accurately measured the voltage during the dc ?1.2 MV withstand voltage test; the voltage dividers and the DCCTs were adequate to the requirements of responsivity (3.3 μs, ?3 dB).     

高灰熔点煤高温下煤焦CO2/水蒸汽气化反应特性的实验研究

我国煤炭年产量中，1400℃以上的高灰熔点煤约占50％以上。为探索固态排渣方式的高灰熔点煤气流床气化，本文选出具有代表性的三种高灰熔点煤种和一种低灰熔点煤种，在TGA-51H型高温热天平上进行了煤焦-CO2和煤焦-水蒸汽气化反应特性的实验研究，并利用SEM考察了气化条件下煤焦及灰的微观结构。实验结果表明：在煤焦-CO2、H2O反应过程中，反应速度明显表现出高温区域的扩散反应和低温区域的化学反应；无论在1273K～1573K的低温区域，还是在高于1573K的高温区域，反应速率随燃料比（FC/V）的增加而减小。     

Computational complexity of spline interpolation

The procedure for composing the spline function of order m that interpolates n data is roughly divided into two stages: (1) constructing the matrix A_n that transforms the fl-spline coefficient vector c into the sample value vector s; and (2) calculating the vector c. Then the effects of boundary conditions and the locations of the sampling points and the knots on the number of computations for spline interpolation are evaluated. There are no boundary condition effects of the construction of A" for equispacing. Non-periodic boundary conditions reduce the number of computations needed to calculate c from O(m²n) to O(m²n/4).

In the construction of A_n, choosing equispaced sampling points reduces the number of computations from O(m²n) to O(m²) in the case of sampling points located at a constant interval between each pair of adjacent knots. In the calculation of c, equispaced sampling points reduce the number of computations from O(m²n) to O(m²n /2) in the case where m is even and the locations of the knots are identical with those of the sampling points.     

Decentralized adaptive control of robotic manipulators†

We develop a self-tuning-type adaptive control for robotic manipulators with six joints, and analyse the stability of the control system. In order to reduce the computational effort for obtaining the control input in real time, a decentralized adaptive control system is designed in which each joint of the manipulator is regarded as a subsystem and controlled independently in parallel. In this control system we regard the interaction among the multiple joints as an unknown input in each subsystem. The influence of the interaction on the stability of the overall control system is analysed using a Lyapunov function. The theoretical result obtained is that the control system is always stable in the sense that the error between the output of the adaptive predictor and the real output (angular velocity of each joint) will not exceed the amount of interaction. This result is verified by some simulation studies.     

Design of servo systems for distributed parameter systems by finite dimensional dynamic compensator

The design problem of servo systems for distributed parameter systems is investigated. The output regulator of integral type is designed in order to guarantee internal stability and output regulation. The design procedure based on a dynamic stabilizing compensator is discussed. The output regulation of a wide class of distributed parameter systems is proved under the condition that a closed-loop system is stabilized by a dynamic compensator of general type. Then a closed-loop system can be stabilized by a finite dimensional dynamic compensator under some additional conditions. The reducabitity of the design procedure to a purely finite dimensional one is discussed.