Study on Power Fluctuation Dispatch and Capacity Design of Short Period Power Fluctuation Compensation System in Consideration of Power Loss

Since the output of photovoltaic (PV) generation includes power fluctuations caused by natural conditions, the installation of PV on a large scale is expected to affect load frequency control of the power grid. One method of compensating power fluctuations is the use of energy storage (ES), such as batteries and capacitors. A power fluctuation compensation system composed of an electrical double layer capacitor energy storage system (ESS) and a Li‐ion battery energy storage system is considered. The power loss characteristics of both ESSs during power fluctuation compensation are modeled by equivalent circuits based on ES impedance spectra. The models are validated by experiments simulating power fluctuation compensation. Using these ES models, simulations were carried out to determine the power fluctuation dispatch method between the two ESSs and the capacity of the ESSs in consideration of power loss minimization.     

下一个! 通向未来的上海

文章希望在包容历史与未来这一方面,上海能成为建立起建筑新秩序的都市。     

氨浸出混合铜矿石的表征及动力学(英文)

研究了含8.8%Cu和36.1%Fe的混合铜矿石的氨浸出动力学。矿物学表征表明,该矿石的含铁成分以菱铁矿为主,硫化矿以黄铜矿为主。研究了工艺参数,如搅拌速度、反应温度、氨浓度、矿石粒径、氧分压对氨浸出过程的影响。在标准的浸出条件下,即粒径125~212μm、反应温度120°C、NH3浓度1.29 mol/L、氧分压202 kPa,在2.5 h内Cu的浸出率达到83%。在使用较高浓度的氨和较小粒径的矿石时,Cu的浸出率能够达到95%。动力学研究结果表明,浸出过程为表面反应控制,估算出的活化能为(37.6±1.9)kJ/mol,氧分压与氨浓度的反应级数分别为0.2和1。     

尼日利亚钛铁矿的矿物学特征和浸出行为

研究尼日利亚钛铁矿矿物学特征和经机械活化和碱性焙烧处理后的浸出行为。研究了 NaOH/矿石比、H2SO4浓度、浸出和焙烧温度对钛回收率的影响。结果表明,机械活化对钛铁矿石的浸出有明显的增强作用。钛铁矿经机械活化后,加入60%NaOH在850°C下焙烧,在温度为90°C,经60%H2SO4浸出4 h下的浸出率为72%。对焙烧矿、水处理后残渣和酸浸滤渣的XRD物相分析证实了反应机理和实验结果。     

304不锈钢氧离子溅射的同步辐射光电子能谱原位研究Ⅱ．氧元素的化学状态

利用同步辐射光电子能谱原位研究了经氧离子溅射后SUS304不锈钢和纯金属铁、镍、铬表面氧的化学状态．氧离子溅射后，SUS304不锈钢表面的氧全部以化合态形式存在；而在纯铁、镍、铬金属表面．只有部分氧与金属元素化合，另一部分氧以原子的形式镶嵌在金属晶格中纯金属元素与氧的化学反应活性决定了金属中化合氧和溶解氧的比率．     

A hybrid algorithm for finding a global minimum

One of the most important problems in non-linear programming is to find out the global minimum of a given objective function. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm which combines the random optimization method of Matyas (1965) and one of the well-known ordinary descent algorithms having an effective convergence property (for example, the Fletcher-Reeves conjugate gradient method, the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell quasi Newton method, etc.) is proposed in order to find out a global minimum in as small a number of steps as possible. Several computational experiments on multimodal objective functions are carried out in order to test the efficiency of the proposed hybrid algorithm. The results obtained imply that the proposed hybrid algorithm is useful for finding out a global minimum in a small number of steps. A theorem that predicts convergence to a global minimum is also given.     

利用嗜酸混合菌从尼日利亚闪锌矿和方铅矿中生物浸出Zn（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）

利用嗜酸混合菌在尼日利亚闪锌矿和方铅矿中生物浸出Zn（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）,研究pH值和铁离子对闪锌矿和方铅矿浸出率的影响。结果表明：闪锌矿和方铅矿中Zn（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）的氧化物在pH值分别为2.1和2.7时浸出效果最好。用模拟的琼脂糖培养基使细胞分泌出含铁离子的外聚合物,以此加强氧化。闪锌矿和方铅矿达到氧化平衡分别需要3和4d。闪锌矿和方铅矿在1d内的浸出率分别为38.3%和34.2%,5d内Zn（Ⅱ）和Pb（Ⅱ）分别还原92.0%和89.0%。使用XRD研究两种矿物的未浸出的剩余产物,闪锌矿的组成为S、ZnSO4和少量Ca3Al2O6,方铅矿的组成为S、PbSO4和少量的Pb（S,Ge）（O,OH）4和Pb8Co（Si2O7）3。     

利用嗜酸混合菌从尼日利亚闪锌矿和方铅矿中生物浸出Zn(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)(英文)

利用嗜酸混合菌在尼日利亚闪锌矿和方铅矿中生物浸出Zn(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ),研究pH值和铁离子对闪锌矿和方铅矿浸出率的影响。结果表明:闪锌矿和方铅矿中Zn(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的氧化物在pH值分别为2.1和2.7时浸出效果最好。用模拟的琼脂糖培养基使细胞分泌出含铁离子的外聚合物,以此加强氧化。闪锌矿和方铅矿达到氧化平衡分别需要3和4d。闪锌矿和方铅矿在1d内的浸出率分别为38.3%和34.2%,5d内Zn(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)分别还原92.0%和89.0%。使用XRD研究两种矿物的未浸出的剩余产物,闪锌矿的组成为S、ZnSO4和少量Ca3Al2O6,方铅矿的组成为S、PbSO4和少量的Pb(S,Ge)(O,OH)4和Pb8Co(Si2O7)3。     

Characterization and kinetic study on ammonia leaching of complex copper ore

Ammonia leaching kinetics of a complex Cu-ore assaying 8.8% Cu and 36.1% Fe was examined. Mineralogical characterization indicated that the major phase of the ore was siderite with chalcopyrite as the major sulfide mineral. The effects of parameters such as agitation, temperature, NH₃ concentration, particle size and oxygen partial pressure (p_O2) were investigated. Under the standard leaching conditions of 125–212 µm particle size, 120 °C, 1.29 mol/L NH₃ and 202 kPa of p_O2, about 83% Cu could be selectively extracted in 2.5 h. However, when using higher NH₃ concentration and lower particle size, more than 95% extraction was achieved. The leaching process was found to be surface reaction controlling. The estimated activation energy was (37.6±1.9) kJ/mol and empirical orders of reaction with respect to p_O2 and [NH₃] were about 0.2 and 1, respectively.